Single source white clover (Fabaceae: Trifolium repens ) pollen pellets collected by Apis mellifera purchased from Ames Farm (Watertown, Minnesota, USA; www.amesfarm.com) and single sourc
Time (days) spent in each stage of development for P. astrigera from 3rd instar to adult emergence when exposed to either non-Bt cabbage-fed or Bt cabbage-fed D. melanogaster.