Results of univariate PERMANOVA to test for differences in habitat metrics (a. kelp age, b. total holdfast volume, c. habitable holdfast space and d. relative holdfast space).

Permutations were based on a Euclidean distance similarity matrix generated from untransformed data. All tests used a maximum of 4999 permutations under a reduced model; significant effects (P<0.05) are shown in bold. An underlined P-value indicates that PERMDISP detected significant differences in within-group dispersion between levels of that factor (P<0.05).