Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey 2015 - Zambia

Abstract
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The Central Statistical Office (CSO) Post-Harvest Surveys (PHS) and Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAL) Crop Forecast Surveys (CFS) provide reasonably solid information on crop production, sales, and input use for a wide variety of field crops, but these surveys contain limited or no information on: (i) crops known to have become an important source of smallholder crop income in recent years, such as fresh fruits and vegetables; (ii) sales of animal and fish products; (iii) off-farm and non-farm labour and small enterprise income; (iv) intergenerational transfers, including inheritances which might affect households’ current livelihoods; iv) in and out migration which might affect household welfare; (v) natural resources use and management, such as forests, which are an important source of food and income for rural households and; (vi) a broader set of positive and negative shocks affecting households’ current conditions.

In order to overcome these knowledge gaps, IAPRI works with the CSO and MAL to design, implement and analyse additional rural livelihood surveys to obtain a broader set of household livelihood activities and outcomes. The purpose of the RALS is to provide policy relevant information that is not practical to collect annually from the government agricultural surveys. For example, collecting comprehensive income data through RALS allows us to understand the effects of government policies and programs on rural incomes and poverty – something that is not possible with the PHS and CFS. The RALS also enable Zambian policy makers to accurately monitor progress toward achieving its national policy goals.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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Households

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The RALS 2015 is a panel survey continuing from the RALS 2012 survey. The sampling frame for the RALS 2012 survey was based on the 2010 Census of Housing and Population. A stratified two-stage sample design was used for the RALS 2012 sampling. The first stage involved identifying the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU). The PSU was defined as one or more Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs) with a minimum of 30 agricultural households. The SEA is the smallest area with well-defined boundaries identified on census sketch maps. At the second stage, all households in selected SEAs were listed and agricultural households identified. Listed agricultural households were then stratified into three categories, A, B, and C, on the basis of total area under crops; presence of some specified special crops; numbers of cattle, goats and chickens raised; and sources of income. Systematic sampling was then used to select 20 households distributed across the three strata in each SEA.

The RALS 2012 covered 442 Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs) across the 10 provinces and a total of 8,840 households. With the RALS 2015 an additional 34 SEAs (17 in Eastern, 8 in Muchinga and 9 in Lusaka province) were added. Listing was required only in the additional 34 SEAs. This brought the total households to be interviewed to 9,520. This sample was expected to yield reliable estimates at provincial and national levels except for Eastern province, whose estimates are statistically valid at the district level as well. Table 1.1 of the Survey Report (provided under Related Materials) shows the distribution of SEAs, households’ re-interviewed from the 2012 RALS sample and the total households interviewed in 2015 (panel households plus new sample households) by province. Figure 1.1. of the Survey Report shows the coverage of the RALS 2015. The attrition rate of 17.9%, was mainly attributed to households that had moved out of the study area. Therefore, when using the panel data this should be taken into account.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire is provided under the Related Materials tab.

摘要
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中央统计局（CSO）的产后调查（PHS）和农业部与畜牧业部（MAL）的作物预测调查（CFS）为多种田作作物的生产、销售和投入使用提供了相当可靠的情报，但这些调查在以下方面信息有限或缺失：（i）近年来已成为小农作物收入重要来源的作物，如新鲜水果和蔬菜；（ii）动物和鱼类产品的销售；（iii）农场和非农场劳动以及小企业收入；（iv）代际转移，包括可能影响家庭当前生计的遗产；（v）可能影响家庭福利的内外迁移；（vi）自然资源的使用与管理，如森林，这些资源是农村家庭食物和收入的重要来源；以及（vii）影响家庭当前状况的更广泛的一系列正面和负面冲击。

为了弥补这些知识空白，国际农业发展研究中心（IAPRI）与CSO和MAL合作设计、实施和分析额外的农村生计调查，以获取更广泛的家庭生计活动和成果。RALS（农村生计调查）的目的在于提供政策相关的信息，这些信息从政府农业调查中每年收集并不实际。例如，通过RALS收集全面的收入数据使我们能够了解政府政策和项目对农村收入和贫困的影响——这是PHS和CFS所无法实现的。RALS还使赞比亚的政策制定者能够准确监测实现国家政策目标的进展。

地理覆盖范围
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全国

分析单元
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家庭

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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RALS 2015是一次连续于RALS 2012调查的面板调查。RALS 2012调查的抽样框架基于2010年的人口和住房普查。RALS 2012抽样采用了分层两阶段样本设计。第一阶段涉及识别主要抽样单位（PSU）。PSU被定义为包含至少30户农业家庭的一个或多个标准统计区域（SEAs）。SEAs是在普查草图地图上标识的具有明确边界的最小区域。在第二阶段，列出选定SEAs中的所有家庭，并识别农业家庭。然后，根据作物总面积、特定特殊作物的存在、饲养的牛、山羊和鸡的数量以及收入来源，将列出的农业家庭分层为A、B和C三个类别。然后，使用系统抽样在每个SEAs的三个层中选取20户家庭。

RALS 2012覆盖了10个省份中的442个标准统计区域（SEAs），总计8,840户家庭。在RALS 2015中，增加了34个SEAs（东部17个，马钦加8个，卢萨卡省9个）。仅在额外的34个SEAs中进行登记。这使得需要接受访谈的家庭总数达到9,520户。这个样本预计将在省级和国家层面上产生可靠的估计，除了东部省，其估计在区级层面也具有统计学意义。调查报告中的表1.1显示了按省份分布的SEAs、2012 RALS样本中重新访谈的家庭以及2015年接受访谈的总家庭数（面板家庭加上新样本家庭）。调查报告中的图1.1显示了RALS 2015的覆盖范围。17.9%的流失率主要归因于搬离研究区域的家庭。因此，在使用面板数据时，应考虑这一点。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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问卷提供在相关材料标签下。