Makoto Kikukawa - PhD project data for study 4

How culture affects validity: understanding Japanese residents' sense making of evaluating clinical teachers. We explored raters’ sense making associated with evaluation activities from such an 'Asian' perspective, thus contributing to a better understanding of contextual dependency of validity. Especially, we focused on residents’ sense making in filling out an evaluation instrument about their clinical teachers in a Japanese context to capture cultural influence on evaluation. Participants were 30 purposively and theoretically sampled residents from 10 Japanese teaching hospitals. Using constructivist grounded theory, we conducted in-depth semi-structured individual interviews. Codes were iteratively established considering Confucianism principles.