Adaptive evolution can mitigate the negative effects of temperature stress on plant-pollinator interactions

Temperature stress negatively affects various aspects of plant fitness, including plant-pollinator interactions, but whether plants can overcome these adverse effects through adaptive evolution is largely unknown. Here, we conducted a six-generation evolution experiment using fast cycling Brassica rapa plants at ambient and elevated temperatures, with bumblebee-pollination. At the end of the experiment, we re-grew the evolved genotypes at different temperatures. We phenotyped the plants and conducted pollinator bioassays to assess adaptive evolution, evolutionary trait divergence, and the evolution of heat-mediated phenotypic plasticity. We found that plants that had evolved with bumblebee-pollination in both temperature regimes had higher seed set than control plants, which suffered lower seed set when evolved under elevated temperatures. We also showed that the number of flowers, a trait that largely determined plant attractiveness to bumblebees and seed set, was increased in bumblebe..., , # Adaptive evolution can mitigate the negative effects of temperature stress on plant-pollinator interactions

## Description of data

#### data_local_adapt_traits.csv

This dataset incorporates all plant traits measured in this experiment, as well as data on bumblebee visitation on plants, and on the reproductive success of the plants. The dataset includes plants from genotypes which were grown for 6 generations at 23°C or at 27°C plus 6 “hot” days of 30°C and visited by *Bombus terrestris* bumblebees or hand pollinated (control). It also includes Generation 1 (G1) plants. On the last generation, all plants were grown at 23°C or 27°C plus 6 “hot” days of 30°C.
Among the phenotypic measurements there are visual, morphological, reward traits and the composition of flower scent, obtained through volatile collection and GC-MS. To acquire bumblebee behavioral data and plant reproductive success, plants were set in groups of 24, in a 5 x 5 matrix, where we allowed up to 6 bees to visit plant..., , **Changes after Oct 31, 2025:** 

This file data_local_adapt_traits.xlsx has been corrected by adding the non-ln transformed values for the floral scent compounds.
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