Data from: Morph-linked variation in female pheromone signaling and male response in a polymorphic moth

Understanding the maintenance of genetic variation in reproductive
strategies and polymorphisms in the wild requires a comprehensive
examination of the complex interactions between genetic basis, behavior,
and environmental factors. We tested the association between three color
genotypes and variation in female pheromone signaling and male antennal
morphology in the wood tiger moth (Arctia plantaginis). These moths have
genetically determined white (WW, Wy) and yellow (yy) hindwings that are
linked to mating success and fitness, with heterozygotes (Wy) having an
advantage. We hypothesized that attractiveness and reproductive success
are correlated, with Wy females being more attractive than the other two
genotypes which could contribute to maintaining the polymorphism. Female
attractiveness was tested by baiting traps with females of the three color
genotypes both in low- (i.e., field setup) and in high-population density
(i.e., large enclosure setup). Male’s ability to reach females was
correlated to their own color genotype and antennal morphology (length,
area, and lamellae count). Contrary to our prediction, morph-related
reproductive success and attractiveness were not correlated. Heavier Wy
females attracted a lower proportion of males compared to WW and yy
females. Specifically, an increase in weight corresponded to a decreased
Wy but increased yy female attractiveness. yy females were generally more
attractive than others likely due to earlier pheromone release. In males,
lamellae count and genetic color morph were linked to the male’s ability
to locate females. Furthermore, male traits affected their ability to
reach females in a context-specific way. Males with denser antennae (i.e.,
higher lamellae count) and white males reached the females faster than
yellows in the enclosure, while yellow males located females faster than
whites in the field.  Our results indicate that higher yy female
attractiveness was likely affected by the combined effect of early
pheromone release, female weight and higher population density. Males’
searching success was affected by morph-specific behavioral strategies and
local population density. Ultimately, the combined effect of
genotype-related pheromone signaling strategies of females together with
environment-dependent male behavior affect male response and potentially
contribute to maintaining variation in fitness-related traits.