Effect of specific inhibitors of various intracellular pathways on curcumin-induced apoptosis.

aCells were treated for 24 hours as indicated and subsequently stained with Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide and quadrant analysis after flow cytometry was performed.bShown are the mean % ±standard deviation (SD) from the living and early apoptotic cell fractions from 3 independent experiments.cDPQ was used as an inhibitor of PARP activity.dNPPB was used as a specific inhibitor of chloride channels.eCyclosporin was used as a specific-inhibitor of the PTPC.fInhibitors of specific steps in ceramide synthesis.g“pre” indicates that the inhibitor was given to the cells 24 hours prior to curcumin.** = p* = p