Random field of slope

This study introduces a methodology for generating constrained random fields (CRFs) by integrating fast Fourier transform (FFT) filtering with co-Kriging interpolation. Through a case study of a representative three-stage bench slope, the distributions of failure modes and statistical characteristics of safety factors are systematically examined for three distinct models: unconditional random field (URF), independent random field (IRF), and constrained random field (CRF). The investigation encompasses varying geological conditions, including rock-soil layer dip angles (15°–75°) and parameter cross-correlation structures (coefficients: -0.2 and 0).