Maximum parsimony tree of mtDNA haplogroup N1a3.

The tree includes 20 novel complete sequences (marked with an asterisk and underlined accession numbers) and eight previously published [42], [50(and references therein)], [51]. Mutations relative to the RSRS [51] are indicated on the branches; transversions are specified with a lower case letter; Y and R stand for heteroplasmy; underlining indicates positions experiencing recurrent mutations within the tree while exclamation marks refer to one (!) or two (!!) back mutations relative to the RSRS. Coalescence age estimates for N1a3 and N1a3a obtained by employing the complete genome and synonymous (ρ) clocks, indicated by # and @, respectively, are also shown.