A Concise, Efficient and Scalable Total Synthesis of Thapsigargin and Nortrilobolide from (R)‑(−)-Carvone

A concise, efficient and scalable synthesis of thapsigargin and nortrilobolide from commercially available (R)-(−)-carvone was developed. Our synthetic strategy is inspired by nature’s carbon–carbon bond formation sequence, which facilitates the construction of a highly functionalized sesquiterpene lactone skeleton in five steps via an enantioselective ketone alkylation and a diastereo­selective pinacol cyclization. We envision that this strategy will permit the construction of other members of the family, structural analogs and provide a practical synthetic route to these important bioactive agents. In addition, we anticipate that the prodrug Mipsagargin, which is currently in late-stage clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, will also be accessible via this strategy. Hence, the limited availability from natural sources, coupled with an estimated demand of one metric ton per annum for the prodrug, provides a compelling mandate to develop practical total syntheses of these agents.