Exosomes Derived from Panax notoginseng Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of rBMSCs via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

The study systematically investigated the promoting effect of exosomes derived from Panax notoginseng on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. High-purity exosomes were extracted through differential centrifugation and their uptake capability was validated. The experiments showed that exosomes significantly enhanced ALP activity, mineralized nodule formation, and the expression of osteogenic markers. Transcriptomic analysis identified the PI3K/AKT pathway as the core mechanism, and inhibitor experiments further confirmed its critical role. This provides a theoretical basis for the application of plant-derived exosomes in the treatment of osteoporosis.