"History of the Creation of Automated Air Traffic Control Systems at Research Institute 33 \u2013 VNIIRA (1958\u20131994)"

"This article presents the history of the development of automated air traffic control systems (ATCS) at Research Institute 33 \u2014 VNIIRA from 1958 to 1994. It examines the early development of automated ATCS systems (the \u201cMarka\u201d ATCS), the domestic \u201cStart\u201d ATCS, the \u201cSpektr\u201d (\u201cStart-2\u201d) aerodrome-junction automated ATCS with an advanced level of automation, and the \u201cSintez\u201d integrated aerodrome-district ATCS. The results of this study are visualized using the \u201ccompendium-table-infographics\u201d (CTI) methodology, based on three sequential levels of content transformation. This article presents the history of the development of automated air traffic control systems (ATCS) at Research Institute 33 \u2014 VNIIRA from 1958 to 1994. It examines the early development of automated ATCS systems (the \u201cMarka\u201d ATCS), the domestic \u201cStart\u201d ATCS, the \u201cSpektr\u201d (\u201cStart-2\u201d) aerodrome-junction automated ATCS with an advanced level of automation, and the \u201cSintez\u201d integrated aerodrome-district ATCS. The results of this study are visualized using the \u201ccompendium-table-infographics\u201d (CTI) methodology, based on three sequential levels of content transformation."