The archaeology of the Upper Madeira within the archaeological context of Amazonia

Abstract This article reviews the data currently available on the area downstream of the waterfalls on the Upper Madeira River. This is a key segment of the largest tributary of the Amazon River, with headwaters in the Central Andres: it is comprised of the union of the Mamoré, Beni, and Madre de Dios, three great rivers flowing from Bolivia and Peru. Comparative analysis suggests that the archaeology in the area downstream of the waterfalls of the Madeira River bears more resemblance to patterns observed in central Amazonia than in the region upstream. On the other hand, the Upper Madeira also features elements related to the surrounding cultural diversity. We consequently suggest that the waterfalls acted as an enduring boundary throughout the Late Holocene, connecting regions with distinct cultural patterns within Amazonia.