Supplementary material for upcoming paper "White lupin genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships"

Key messageInformation on global white lupin genetic diversity generated by this study can help optimize the exploitation of genetic resources and suggest a dual crop domestication occurred in Greece and ItalyAbstractWhite lupin (Lupinus albus L.) has increasing interest as a food and feed crop. This study aimed to: (a) assess the genetic variation of germplasm type (landrace, modern cultivar or wild type) and landrace region of origin, accession within region, and genotype within landrace; (b) explore landrace phylogenetic relationships; and (c) assess the consistency between molecular and morphophysiological diversity. A landrace collection of 112 accessions classified into 11 regional pools and a set of modern cultivars underwent genotyping-by-sequencing characterization (genotyping four plants per landrace) and evaluation of 11 morphophysiological traits. Molecular data of four wild type accessions were added. Multi-dimensional scaling indicated a sharp genetic diversity of wild type material and a fairly modest diversity of modern cultivars relative to landraces. Mantel’s test revealed a modest consistency between molecular and morphophysiological diversity (r = 0.13, P landrace within regional pool > regional pool. Cluster analysis, nucleotide diversity, number of private alleles, phylogeny and migration analyses suggested a dual crop domestication from var. graecus in Greece and from var. albus in Italy, followed by migration of Greek germplasm into North-Eastern Africa and Near East, extensive migration of Italian germplasm in the Mediterranean basin, and hybridization of the two genetic pools in various regions. Our results increase our knowledge on crop diversity and phylogeny and contribute to optimal exploitation of genetic resources.