Biodiversity Features

Name: Biodiversity Features
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Esri Aid & Development Team2026-03-28 收录

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This digital map comprised of four types of data: (A) Distribution of marine protected areas, (B) seven layers biodiversity features, (C) two types of threats, and (D) 16 environmental variables. (A). Marine protected areas:Distribution of Marine protected areas in the Coral Triangle. This dataset consists of 678 MPAs polygon boundaries, derived from the World Database of Protected Areas-WDPA (www.protectedplanet.net), Coral Triangle Atlas (ctatlas.reefbase.org) and Indonesian datasets of marine protected areas (MoF-MoMAF, 2010; MoMAF, 2016). The dataset consists of 35% of the total 1,972 MPAs in the region (White et al., 2014). Around 95% of the missing MPAs’ boundaries were associated with small marine managed areas.The layers' attribute table provides detailed information following its native sources (WDPA, CTAtlas) (e.g. information of Name, Local Name, Designation Type, IUCN Category, coverage etc) with amendment and adjustment from local sources (Indonesian database). To allow a simple indexing, a new CT MPAs ID format (MPA_Id) introduced. This new ID consists of 10 digits: "A BC DEFG HIJ" where:A = Country; 1 = Indonesia, 2 = Malaysia, 3 = Philippines, 4 = Papua New Guinea, 5 = Solomon Islands, and 6 = Timor LesteBC = IUCN MPAs Category; Strict Nature Reserve (1a = 11, 1b = 12), National Park (20), Habitat and Species Management Areas (40), Protected Landscape/Seascape (50) and Managed Resources Protected Areas (60)DEFG = Establishment year (e.g., 1980)HIJ = Number; ordered based on their establishment yearExample : Taka Bonerate National Park ; ID = 1201985035. It means that Taka Bonerate is Indonesian MPAs (1), is a national park (20), established in 1985, and MPAs number 35. (B). Biodiversity Features:<ol><li>Sensitive habitat derived from the distribution of three biogenic habitats (coral reefs, seagrass and mangrove forest). The datasets is mapped <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; font-family: "Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;'> in grid square cells with spatial resolution of 5 km. Habitat richness calculated based on the number of habitat occurs in each cell. The cells value ranged from 1 - 3. The higher the value, the higher its biodiversity importance. Data were collated from the Ocean Data Viewer (http://data.unep-wcmc.org/), developed by UNEP-WCMC (UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre) and were clipped to the Coral Triangle Region. </li><li>Species richness (species ranges) developed from a modeled geographic distribution of 10,672 species ranges, <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>extracted from AquaMaps (<a href='http://www.aquampas.org/' style='color: rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line: none;'><span style='color: windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>www.aquampas.org</a><span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>). <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>The richness is calculated based on the number of predicted species in each cells. Within the Coral Triangle, the number of predicted species per cells ranged from 0 to 5,509. This datasets is classified into 10 equal interval classes. and </li><li>Species richness (species occurrence) generated from the occurrence records of 19,251 species, <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>retrieved from the Ocean Biogegraphic Informatian System (OBIS) datasets (<a href='http://www.iobis.org/' style='color: rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line: none;'><span style='color: windowtext; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>www.iobis.org</a><span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>). Species Richness was analyzed using rarefaction index of ES50 (estimated species in random 50 samples) based on the Hulbert’s Index of expected species richness (Hurlbert, 1971) and Hulbert’s Standard Errors (Heck et al., 1975). This dataset is mapped grid square cells with spatial resolution of 50 km. The richness index is classified into 10 equal interval classes. </li><li>The distribution of 834 species of special conservation concern, <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>mapped in grid square cells with spatial resolution of 50 km. The richness was classified into 10 equal interval classes. Point occurrence records were extracted from OBIS (www.iobis.org) and FishBase (www.fishbase.org). Species richness was analyzed using rarefaction index of ES35 (estimated species in random 35 samples) </li><li>The distribution of 373 restricted-range reef fish species, <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>mapped in grid square cells with spatial resolution of 5 km. The richness index was calculated based on the number of species in each cells. The number of species per cells range from 1 to 101 species. This dataset is classified into 10 equal interval classes. This datasets were extracted from a database of the distribution of nearly 4,000 species of Indo-Pacific reef fish es (Allen, 2008; Allen & Erdmann, 2013). Within this datasets: (a) restricted-range reef fishes is defined as a reef fish species with a spatial distribution of less than 5 million km2 and whose known range is only within the Coral Triangle, (b) reef fishes is defined as as fish species that live on shallow water coral reefs and associated substrata (i.e., sand or rubble patches, seagrass beds, etc.) less than 60 m deep. </li><li>Important areas for sea turtles, derived from nesting sites and migratory reoutes of 6 species. <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>The occurrence record were interpolated into grid square cells, with spatial resolution of 50 km. Richness was calculated based on the number of sea turtle species that fell in each cell (i.e., 1, 2,3). No cells had more than three species of turtle present., and </li><li>Habitat rugosity, derived a vector of ruggedness measures of benthic terrain. <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>This index were generated from <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>bathymetry data that was extracted GMED (Global Marine Environment Datasets) <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>(gmed.auckland.ac.nz)<span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'> and analyzed using the <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>Benthic Terrain <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>Modeller (BTM) 3.0 of ArcGIS 10.5. <span style='background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;'>This dataset is mapped in grid square cells with spatial resolution of 50 km. The VRMs index is ranged from 0.1 (areas with low terrain variations to 0.9 (areas with high terrain variations). This dataset is classified into 10 equal interval classes.</li></ol><div style='font-family: "Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;'>(C). Threat to marine environment:</div><div style='font-family: "Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;'><ol><li>Spatial distribution of anthropogenic pressure (AP) to marine environments. This dataset is mapped in grid square cells with a spatial resolution of 5 km. The anthropogenic pressure (AP) value ranged from 0 – 15.4, indicating areas from low to high human-induced pressure. AP Index is classified into 10 class of equal interval. This dataset is retrieved from the database of cumulative human impacts on the world’s oceans developed by Halpern et al., (2008;2015). The impact was assessed from 19 different types of anthropogenic stressors: land-based drivers (nutrient inputs, organic/inorganic pollution, and population density), ocean-based drivers (commercial fishing, artisanal fishing, benthic structures, shipping lanes, invasive species, and ocean pollution), climate change (SLR, SST, UV and acidification). </li><li>Spatial distribution of climate change pressure index, generated from the datasets of the anomaly of sea surface thermal stress developed by Hooidonk et al. (2016). Spatial distribution of sea surface thermal stress level based on the average of Degree Heating Weeks (DHWs) from 2006 to 2099. This dataset is mapped in grid square cells with a spatial resolution of 5 km. The projected thermal stress index ranged from 5.6 – 20.2, indicating areas from low to high vulnerability to climate change effect and classified into 10 classes of equal interval. </li></ol><div>(D). Environmental Variables</div></div><div style='font-family: "Avenir Next W01", "Avenir Next W00", "Avenir Next", Avenir, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;'><ol><li>Spatial distribution of 16 environmental variables, i.e., depth, slope, land distance, temperature, surface current, salinity, wind speed, tide, primary productivity, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll-a, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, silicate, and calcite. The dataset is mapped to a grid square of 50 km and represented in a point layer. Each environmental variable's layers are classified into 10 equal interval classes.</li></ol><div style=''>This dataset retrieved from Asaad et al. (2018), and for more details to: <a href='mailto:i.asaad@auckland.nz' style='font-size: large; color: rgb(0, 121, 193); text-decoration-line: none; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);' target='_blank'>i.asaad@auckland.nz</a> </div><div style=''> </div></div>

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