Activin A and CCR2 regulate the function of macrophages in testicular fibrosis caused by experimental autoimmune orchitis. Activin A and CCR2 regulate the function of macrophages in testicular fibrosis caused by experimental autoimmune orchitis

Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages with activin A in vitro increased the expression of Ccr2, Fn1, Cxcr4, and Mmp2 and these effects were abolished by follistatin. Overall design: In order to investigate whether activin A contributes to inflammatory and fibrotic responses by regulating macrophages, mouse BMDMs were stimulated with activin A in vitro. FST288 was used as an antagonist of activin A.