Climate extreme Index (CEI) Values for six continents.

Drought duration was surprisingly limned as the trenchant environmental factor concerning phenophase shift. The yield increase rate was higher in America and Australia than in other continents. The study recommends redesigning regional integration between crop-livestock-forestry systems and constructing local water reservoirs for better adaptability of crops toward SSCT. Moreover, the results have implications for agroforestry systems to use wind barriers not only as an anti-errant but also as SSCT-protectant. Therefore, we recommend the integration of the least water-absorbing, native horticultural trees along with the maize crop to protect plants from extreme temperature fluctuations and to protect soil erosion against extreme precipitation and wind.