CCS - CCS8 Mooring data November 2019 deployment -fCO2-

Project Overview: A range of solutions will be required to reach globally agreed emissions reductions targets for carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is part of the suite of technologies that will contribute to lowering atmospheric emissions of CO2 from Australia's energy system. There are a wide variety of technologies at various stages of technical and commercial readiness, with more development underway for cost effective CO2 capture and storage. Our research will provide new knowledge to inform cost-efficient measurement, monitoring and verification (MMV) of the environment of CCS projects in coastal waters.\n\n--o--\n\nDescription:\nrements are made with a Battelle Seaology pCO2 monitoring system (MApCO2), a Seabird Seaphox (for dissolved oxygen, pH, Seawater Temperature and Salinity), mounted on a surface buoy similar to the system described in Sutton et al. (2014). The seawater sensor intakes for the MapCO2 and Seaphox are located at about 1m water depth. The CO2 measurement uses a bubble equilibrator (Sutton et al., 2014), where the air from the equilibrator headspace is circulated through a LI-COR 820 non-dispersive infrared detector (NDIR) for measurement of CO2. The system carries out an automated measurement sequence every 2 hours and starts on the even UTC hour, which is the sample time that is recorded.\n\nRelevant component details: make, model, serial number, firmware version, settings:\nSensor | Make | Model | Serial Number | Calibration\nfCO2 sensor | Battelle | MApCO2 | 191 | Pre and post deployment calibration; Continuous (see below).\npH, DO,T and S sensor | Seabird Seaphox | SeaFET | 1002 |2019-04, factory calibrated\npH, DO,T and S sensor | Seabird Seaphox | SBE-37-SMP-ODO | 15567 | 2019-04, factory calibrated\npH, DO,T and S sensor | Seabird Seaphox | SBE-63 | 1683 | 2019-04, factory calibrated\n\nCalibration Information (if applicable)\nBattelle: \nThe LI-COR 820 in the Battelle pco2 sensor response is checked before and after each deployment using a range of CO2-in-air reference gases (0, 260, 370, 450 micromol/mol) at CSIRO, Hobart. The sensor measurement using factory calibrations for the LI-CO2 820 is typically within 1 micromol/mol of the reference gas value. If the LI-COR 820 measurements and the CO2-in-air reference gas values are different by more than 2 micromol/mol, a correction is applied to Li-CO2 820 output based the reference gas values. A seawater bath operated over a range of temperatures and CO2 expected in the field is then used to check the MapCO2 system (equilibrator and LI-COR 820 measurement) against a General Oceanics 8050 CO2 sensor to ensure the systems agree within 2 micromol/mol. Pressure measurements are made using the LI-COR 820 pressure sensor, checked against a Druck DPI142 pressure indicator and verified to agree within 0.5 kPa before and after each deployment. \n\nSeaphox:\nSBE 37 (T, S, DO) and the SeaFET (pH) are calibrated by the factory and verified in the CSIRO laboratory. The pH reported in the netcdf files is flagged questionable for the pre-deployment calibrated data due to possible calibration changes which can occur after deployment \n\nLocation: 38.2564S 147.3372E

项目概述：为实现全球共识的二氧化碳（carbon dioxide, CO2）减排目标，需采用一系列解决方案。碳捕获与封存（carbon capture and storage, CCS）是助力降低澳大利亚能源系统向大气排放CO2的技术组合之一。当前已有多种处于不同技术与商业化成熟度阶段的技术，且针对具备成本效益的CO2捕获与封存技术的研发工作仍在推进。本研究将提供新知识，为近岸海域CCS项目周边环境的低成本高效测量、监测与验证（measurement, monitoring and verification, MMV）提供依据。

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测量方案：本数据集的测量工作依托巴特勒（Battelle）海洋学pCO2监测系统（Battelle Seaology pCO2 monitoring system, MApCO2）以及Seabird Seaphox传感器（用于检测溶解氧、pH值、海水温度与盐度）完成，该系统部署于水面浮标上，与Sutton等人（2014年）描述的系统架构类似。MApCO2与Seaphox的海水采样口设置于约1米水深处。CO2测量采用气泡式平衡器（Sutton等人，2014年），将平衡器顶空的空气循环通入LI-COR 820非色散红外检测器（non-dispersive infrared detector, NDIR）以完成CO2浓度检测。该系统每2小时执行一次自动测量流程，于UTC整点偶数时刻启动，该时刻即为记录的采样时间。

相关组件详情：包含品牌、型号、序列号与校准信息如下：
1. fCO2传感器：品牌为Battelle，型号MApCO2，序列号191，校准方式为部署前后校准及持续校准（详见下文）。
2. pH、溶解氧、温度与盐度传感器（Seabird Seaphox）：
- 型号SeaFET，序列号1002，2019年4月工厂校准；
- 型号SBE-37-SMP-ODO，序列号15567，2019年4月工厂校准；
- 型号SBE-63，序列号1683，2019年4月工厂校准。

校准信息（如适用）
巴特勒（Battelle）相关校准：
巴特勒pCO2传感器内置的LI-COR 820检测器，每次部署前后均需在塔斯马尼亚州霍巴特的澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织（Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO）实验室中，使用一系列空气中CO2标准气体（0、260、370、450微摩尔/摩尔）进行响应性校验。基于原厂校准的LI-COR 820传感器测量值，与标准气体参考值的偏差通常不超过1微摩尔/摩尔。若LI-COR 820的测量值与空气CO2标准气体参考值的偏差超过2微摩尔/摩尔，则需根据参考气体值对LI-COR 820的输出结果进行校正。随后，使用可覆盖现场预期温度与CO2浓度范围的海水恒温槽，将MApCO2系统（平衡器与LI-COR 820检测单元）与General Oceanics 8050型CO2传感器进行比对校验，确保二者测量值偏差不超过2微摩尔/摩尔。压力测量采用LI-COR 820内置的压力传感器，每次部署前后均需与Druck DPI142型压力指示器进行比对校验，确保二者测量值偏差不超过0.5千帕。

Seaphox传感器校准：
SBE 37型（用于检测温度、盐度、溶解氧）与SeaFET型（用于检测pH值）传感器均由原厂完成校准，并在CSIRO实验室中进行了校验。由于部署后可能出现校准偏移，部署前校准的pH数据在netCDF文件中将被标记为可疑数据。

监测点位：南纬38.2564度，东经147.3372度