Supplementary information and data for "A quantitative evaluation of the impacts of human land modification on raptors globally"

Raptors are threatened by anthropogenic land modifications, but targeted assessment of these impacts is lacking. We provide the first global quantitative evaluation of the impacts of human-modified land on raptors. We found that 73.7% (n = 314/426) of raptors’ occupancy rate were significantly negative impacted by at least one kind of human-modified land, while 28.9% (n = 123/426) were significantly positive impacted by at least one kind of human-modified land. The proportion of raptors significantly negatively impacted by settlements (96.9%, n = 157/162) was significantly higher than by pasture (69.5%, n = 166/239) and by cropland (62.2%, n = 143/230). The occupancy rate of raptors with large body mass was more likely to be negatively impacted by cropland and positively impacted by pasture, the occupancy rate of raptors with large range size was more likely to be negatively impacted by settlement and positively impacted by cropland and pasture. We also found that the interaction between trophic niche and body mass of raptors was significantly correlated with impact of settlement on raptors’ occupancy rate, and trophic niche of raptors was significantly correlated with impact of pasture. Raptors prefer open vegetated habitats (27.9%, n = 119/426) were more negatively impacted by settlement and positively impacted by pasture, and occupancy rate of migratory raptors (14.1%, n = 60/426) was more negatively impacted by settlements and positively impacted by pasture. The impacts of anthropogenic land modification proved species-specific and spatially heterogeneous. Our study provides much-needed information for raptor conservation.