COMPARATIVE SEMANTIC-PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF ATTITUDE EXPRESSIONS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK AND THEIR RENDERING IN MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS

This thesis examines the comparative semantic and pragmatic characteristics of linguistic expressions that convey personal attitude, evaluation, agreement, disagreement, hesitation, certainty, approval, and emotional stance in English and Uzbek. Particular attention is paid to the way such expressions are interpreted and rendered by machine translation platforms. The study argues that attitude expressions are highly context-dependent and that their meanings are shaped not only by lexical content but also by politeness strategies, modality, cultural norms, discourse situation, and speaker intention. A comparative analysis demonstrates that structurally similar expressions may differ in pragmatic force across the two languages, which can lead to literal, weakened, intensified, or culturally inappropriate machine translation. The thesis proposes a functional classification of attitude expressions and identifies the main challenges for machine translation systems in preserving pragmatic meaning.