Seasonal spatial-temporal trend of NDVI in burned areas across Africa (2001–2020). Percentages (%) of increases or decreases (%) based on the Mann-Kendall test and statistically significant (<i>p</i> < 0.05) and non-significant (p > 0.05) values.

DJF (December-February), MAM (March-May), JJA (June-August), and SON (September-November).