Identification of Nanoparticle Infiltration in Human Breast Milk: Chemical Profiles and Trajectory Pathways

Despite rising exposure risks, the potential impacts of nanoparticles (NPs) on human breast milk remain largely unexplored. This study provides the first comprehensive chemical profile of NP contaminants in human breast milk. It establishes a novel mechanistic framework linking maternal NP exposure to infiltration in breast milk, detailing barrier penetration, circulation, and transfer pathways. Furthermore, it offers critical insights into structure-activity relationships (SAR), highlighting how NP size and surface charge influence their ability to cross biological barriers. These findings raise significant concerns for infant food safety and maternal health, emphasizing the need for stricter regulation of NP exposure and the development of safer nanomaterials.