Crude and adjusted linear regression analysis illustrating effect of first-born status on metabolic and body composition parameters – Excluding first-born children with status of only children.

B = regression coefficient for first-borns; ±95CI = 95% Confidence Interval.Significant p values are shown in bold.Brazilian cohort: Analysis was adjusted for family income; maternal education; household wealth score, maternal smoking during pregnancy, breastfeeding for at least six months, maternal weight at the beginning of the pregnancy, maternal height, and subject smoking at 18 years.The calculation of the metabolic risk z-score is described in the methods section.