Data underlying the publication: Ultrasound Transparent Neural Interfaces for Multimodal Interaction - In vivo experiments

<strong>Data sets of in vivo experiments (FUSI data of awake mice)</strong><strong>Functional ultrasound imaging sequence of in vivo experiments</strong>Similar to the phantom experiments, ultrasound images were acquired using a 18 MHz linear array (L22-14vX with 128 piezoelectric elements, 100 μm pitch, 8 mm elevation focus, Verasonics, USA) connected to a programmable ultrasound scanner (Vantage 256 High frequency configuration, Verasonics, USA). We transmitted a sequence of 12 angled plane waves(-10° to 10°), resulting in a 1 kHz framerate after compounding. Ensembles of 200 compounded frames were acquired every0.2 s for a total period of 1150 s, resulting in an effective power Doppler rate of 5 Hz. During acquisition, RF data was real time delay-and-sum beamformed to complex IQ frames, which where saved for later offline Doppler processing.<br><strong>fUS acquisition of in vivo experiments</strong>Mice were habituated to head-fixation on a running wheel in a dark environment (0- 2 lux) by progressively increasing the restraining period from 10 up to 90 minutes over 7 days. After the habituation period, an experiment session consisting of 2 recordings was conducted on two consecutive days when the animal was 13 weeks old. Mice were facing a monitor (U2410, Dell, USA) ∼20 cm in front of them. The ultrasound probe is fixed to a micromanipulator enabling adjustments to target the superior colliculus (SC). Acoustic gel (Aquasonic MAT-00-28152 ,Parker Laboratories, USA) was applied on the cranial window for ultrasound coupling before placing the ultrasound probe 2 mm above the TPX. For the first recording, functional scans were acquired without the NEP placed on the cranial window. During the second recording, the NEP was placed on the cranial window. The next experiment session was done in a reverse sequence. A recording consisted of 10 min of baselinerecording and 10 stimuli, each containing a 15-second-long visual stimulation with an interval stimulus interval (ISI) of 30 s baseline monitor display (grey screen). The visual stimuli consisted of black and white full-field drifting gratings (50 degrees per second, 30- 32 lux) moving in one of 8 different directions (angle: 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 225, 270, 315; randomized sequence) for 1 s each. Again, a ParC-based sample was used as NEP ( 2.5 μm ParC, 300 nm Au with a 50 nm Ti adhesion layer,and 1.5 μm ParC insulation)

<strong>活体实验数据集（清醒小鼠FUSI数据）</strong><br><strong>活体实验功能超声成像序列</strong><br>与体模实验一致，本实验采用连接至可编程超声扫描仪（Vantage 256 High frequency configuration，Verasonics，美国）的18 MHz线性阵列探头（L22-14vX，含128个压电元件，阵元间距100 μm，聚焦高度8 mm，Verasonics，美国）采集超声图像。我们发射12束倾斜平面波（角度范围-10°至10°），经复合成像后帧率可达1 kHz。每0.2 s采集200帧复合图像，总采集时长1150 s，最终得到有效功率多普勒帧率为5 Hz。采集过程中，射频（Radio Frequency, RF）数据经实时延迟叠加波束成形为复IQ帧（complex IQ frames），并保存以供后续离线多普勒分析使用。<br><strong>活体实验功能超声（functional ultrasound, fUS）采集流程</strong><br>实验小鼠在黑暗环境（0~2 lux）中逐步适应头部固定于跑轮的状态，7天内将固定时长从10 min逐步增加至90 min。适应期结束后，在小鼠13周龄时，于连续两天内开展包含2次记录的实验时段。小鼠面朝距其约20 cm的显示器（U2410，戴尔（Dell），美国）。超声探头固定于显微操作器，可调节以对准上丘（superior colliculus, SC）。在将超声探头置于TPX上方2 mm处前，需在颅窗上涂抹声学耦合凝胶（Aquasonic MAT-00-28152，Parker Laboratories，美国）以实现超声耦合。第一次记录时，未将NEP置于颅窗上开展功能扫描采集；第二次记录时，将NEP置于颅窗上。后续实验时段采用相反的记录顺序。单次记录包含10 min的基线记录与10组刺激，每组刺激包含15 s的视觉刺激，刺激间隔（stimulus interval, ISI）为30 s的基线显示器画面（灰屏）。视觉刺激为黑白全视野漂移光栅（每秒50度，亮度30~32 lux），以8个不同方向（角度：0°、45°、90°、135°、180°、225°、225°、270°、315°，序列随机化）呈现，每个方向持续1 s。本次实验同样采用基于ParC的样本作为NEP（2.5 μm ParC、包覆300 nm金层与50 nm钛黏附层、1.5 μm ParC绝缘层）