Dynamic treatment regimes are treatment allocations tailored to heterogeneous individuals (e.g., via previous outcomes and covariates). The optimal dynamic treatment regime is a regime that maximizes
Using a meta-analysis of 70 primary studies and 257 returns to schooling estimates, this paper addresses the fundamental question of whether schooling still pays off, amidst a backdrop of intertwined
We develop a model of optimal schooling investments and estimate it using new data on approximately 700 identical twins. We estimate an average return to schooling of 9 percent for identical twins, bu
