Bulky Phosphine Ligands Promote Palladium-Catalyzed Protodeboronation

The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction is plagued by protodeboronation, an undesirable side reaction with water that consumes the boronic acid derivatives required for the cross-coupling reaction. Meticulous mechanistic studies have previously established protodeboronation to be highly sensitive to the nature of the boronic reagent and reaction conditions. Particularly, the presence of bases, which are essential for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, is known to catalyze protodeboronation. However, protodeboronation catalyzed by palladium-phosphine complexes, the benchmark catalyst system for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling, has been understudied compared to its base-catalyzed counterpart. We demonstrate, using automated high-throughput experimentation, comprehensive computational mechanistic analyses and kinetic modeling, that protodeboronation is accelerated by palladium­(II) complexes bound to bulky phosphine ligands. While sterically hindered ligands are typically used to facilitate difficult cross-couplings, these ligands can instead paradoxically impede cross-coupling product formation, requiring careful and judicious consideration when choosing ligands for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-couplings.