Population and Family Health Survey 1997 - Jordan

Abstract
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The 1997 Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS) is a national sample survey carried out by the Department of Statistics (DOS) as part of its National Household Surveys Program (NHSP). The JPFHS was specifically aimed at providing information on fertility, family planning, and infant and child mortality. Information was also gathered on breastfeeding, on maternal and child health care and nutritional status, and on the characteristics of households and household members. The survey will provide policymakers and planners with important information for use in formulating informed programs and policies on reproductive behavior and health.

Geographic coverage
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National

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Children under five years
- Women age 15-49
- Men

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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SAMPLE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

The 1997 JPFHS sample was designed to produce reliable estimates of major survey variables for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas, for the three regions (each composed of a group of governorates), and for the three major governorates, Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa.

The 1997 JPFHS sample is a subsample of the master sample that was designed using the frame obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. A two-stage sampling procedure was employed. First, primary sampling units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to the number of housing units in the PSU. A total of 300 PSUs were selected at this stage. In the second stage, in each selected PSU, occupied housing units were selected with probability inversely proportional to the number of housing units in the PSU. This design maintains a self-weighted sampling fraction within each governorate.

UPDATING OF SAMPLING FRAME

Prior to the main fieldwork, mapping operations were carried out and the sample units/blocks were selected and then identified and located in the field. The selected blocks were delineated and the outer boundaries were demarcated with special signs. During this process, the numbers on buildings and housing units were updated, listed and documented, along with the name of the owner/tenant of the unit or household and the name of the household head. These activities took place between January 7 and February 28, 1997.

Note: See detailed description of sample design in APPENDIX A of the survey report.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face

Research instrument
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The 1997 JPFHS used two questionnaires, one for the household interview and the other for eligible women. Both questionnaires were developed in English and then translated into Arabic. The household questionnaire was used to list all members of the sampled households, including usual residents as well as visitors. For each member of the household, basic demographic and social characteristics were recorded and women eligible for the individual interview were identified. The individual questionnaire was developed utilizing the experience gained from previous surveys, in particular the 1983 and 1990 Jordan Fertility and Family Health Surveys (JFFHS).

The 1997 JPFHS individual questionnaire consists of 10 sections:
- Respondent’s background
- Marriage
- Reproduction (birth history)
- Contraception
- Pregnancy, breastfeeding, health and immunization
- Fertility preferences
- Husband’s background, woman’s work and residence
- Knowledge of AIDS
- Maternal mortality
- Height and weight of children and mothers.

Cleaning operations
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Fieldwork and data processing activities overlapped. After a week of data collection, and after field editing of questionnaires for completeness and consistency, the questionnaires for each cluster were packaged together and sent to the central office in Amman where they were registered and stored. Special teams were formed to carry out office editing and coding.

Data entry started after a week of office data processing. The process of data entry, editing, and cleaning was done by means of the ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis) program DHS has developed especially for such surveys. The ISSA program allows data to be edited while being entered. Data entry was completed on November 14, 1997. A data processing specialist from Macro made a trip to Jordan in November and December 1997 to identify problems in data entry, editing, and cleaning, and to work on tabulations for both the preliminary and final report.

Response rate
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A total of 7,924 occupied housing units were selected for the survey; from among those, 7,592 households were found. Of the occupied households, 7,335 (97 percent) were successfully interviewed. In those households, 5,765 eligible women were identified, and complete interviews were obtained with 5,548 of them (96 percent of all eligible women). Thus, the overall response rate of the 1997 JPFHS was 93 percent. The principal reason for nonresponse among the women was the failure of interviewers to find them at home despite repeated callbacks.

Note: See summarized response rates by place of residence in Table 1.1 of the survey report.

Sampling error estimates
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The estimates from a sample survey are subject to two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the result of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing (such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding questions either by the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors). Although during the implementation of the 1997 JPFHS numerous efforts were made to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are not only impossible to avoid but also difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The respondents selected in the 1997 JPFHS constitute only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, given the same design and expected size. Each of those samples would have yielded results differing somewhat from the results of the sample actually selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

A sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, since the 1997 JDHS-II sample resulted from a multistage stratified design, formulae of higher complexity had to be used. The computer software used to calculate sampling errors for the 1997 JDHS-II was the ISSA Sampling Error Module, which uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics, such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: See detailed estimate of sampling error calculation in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal
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Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months

Note: See detailed tables in APPENDIX C of the survey report.

摘要
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1997年约旦人口与家庭健康调查（JPFHS）是由统计局（DOS）在其国家家庭调查计划（NHSP）框架下进行的全国性抽样调查。该调查旨在提供关于生育、家庭规划、婴儿和儿童死亡率的信息。同时，还收集了有关母乳喂养、孕产妇及儿童健康护理和营养状况，以及家庭及其成员特征的信息。该调查将为政策制定者和规划者提供重要信息，以便制定关于生殖行为和健康的明智方案和政策。
地理覆盖范围
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全国
分析单元
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- 家庭
- 5岁以下儿童
- 15-49岁女性
- 男性
数据类型
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抽样调查数据
抽样程序
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样本设计及实施
1997年JPFHS样本的设计旨在为整个国家、城市和农村地区、三个区域（每个区域由一组省组成）以及三个主要省份（安曼、伊尔比德和扎尔卡）提供对主要调查变量的可靠估计。1997年JPFHS样本是使用从1994年人口和住房普查中获得的结构框架设计的总样本的一个子样本。采用了两阶段抽样程序。首先，根据每个抽样单元（PSU）中的住房单元数量以比例概率选择一级抽样单元。在此阶段共选择了300个PSU。在第二阶段，在每个选定的PSU中，根据PSU中的住房单元数量以逆比例概率选择被占用的住房单元。这种设计在每个省份内保持了自我加权的抽样比例。
抽样框架的更新
在主要实地调查之前，进行了制图操作，并选择了样本单元/街区，然后在现场进行了识别和定位。选定的街区被划界，外围边界用特殊标志标出。在此过程中，建筑和住房单元的编号得到了更新、登记和记录，包括单元或家庭的业主/承租人姓名以及家庭户主姓名。这些活动在1997年1月7日至2月28日之间进行。
注意：请参阅调查报告附录A中样本设计的详细描述。
数据收集方式
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面对面
研究工具
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1997年JPFHS使用了两个问卷，一个用于家庭访谈，另一个用于合格女性。两个问卷都使用英语编写，然后翻译成阿拉伯语。家庭问卷用于列出样本家庭的全部成员，包括常住居民和访客。对于家庭中的每一位成员，都记录了基本的人口和社会特征，并确定了符合个人访谈条件的女性。个人问卷是在借鉴以前调查（特别是1983年和1990年的约旦生育和家庭健康调查[JFFHS]）的经验的基础上开发的。
1997年JPFHS个人问卷由10个部分组成：
- 响应者背景
- 婚姻
- 再生产（出生史）
- 避孕
- 怀孕、母乳喂养、健康和免疫
- 生育偏好
- 丈夫的背景、女性的工作和居住地
- 对艾滋病知识的了解
- 妇女死亡率
- 儿童和母亲的身高和体重。
清理操作
实地调查和数据加工活动同时进行。在数据收集一周后，对问卷进行了完整性检查和一致性编辑，然后将每个群组的问卷打包并送往安曼中央办公室进行登记和存储。成立了特别团队进行办公室编辑和编码。
数据录入在办公室数据处理一周后开始。数据录入、编辑和清理是通过DHS开发的专门用于此类调查的ISSA（综合调查分析系统）程序完成的。ISSA程序允许在录入数据的同时进行编辑。数据录入于1997年11月14日完成。Macro的数据处理专家于1997年11月和12月访问了约旦，以确定数据录入、编辑和清理中的问题，并负责编制初步和最终报告的汇编。
应答率
共选择了7,924个被占用的住房单元进行调查；其中，发现了7,592个家庭。在占用的家庭中，7,335个（97%）家庭成功接受了访谈。在这些家庭中，确定了5,765名符合条件的女性，其中5,548名（所有符合条件的女性的96%）完成了完整的访谈。因此，1997年JPFHS的整体应答率为93%。女性非应答的主要原因是在反复召回后，访谈员未能找到她们。
注意：请参阅调查报告第1.1表中的按居住地汇总的应答率。
抽样误差估计
来自抽样调查的估计值受两种类型误差的影响：非抽样误差和抽样误差。非抽样误差是实施数据收集和数据加工过程中所犯错误的结果（如未能找到并访谈正确的家庭、访谈员或受访者对问题的误解，以及数据录入错误）。尽管在实施1997年JPFHS过程中做出了许多努力来最大限度地减少此类误差，但非抽样误差不仅无法避免，而且难以从统计上进行评估。
另一方面，抽样误差可以通过统计方法进行评估。1997年JPFHS中选的受访者只是从同一人口中可能选出的许多样本之一，前提是具有相同的设计和预期规模。每个这样的样本都会产生与实际选定样本的结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是所有可能样本之间变异性的度量。虽然变异程度无法准确得知，但可以从调查结果中进行估计。
抽样误差通常用特定统计量（均值、百分比等）的标准误差来衡量，它是方差的平方根。标准误差可用于计算置信区间，其中可以合理地假设真实值落在该区间内。例如，对于从抽样调查中计算的任何给定统计量，该统计量的值将在95%的所有可能样本中，相同大小和设计的标准误差的正负两倍范围内。
如果受访者样本被选为简单随机样本，则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而，由于1997年JDHS-II样本是由多阶段分层设计产生的，因此必须使用更复杂的公式。用于计算1997年JDHS-II抽样误差的计算机软件是ISSA抽样误差模块，该模块使用泰勒线性化方法进行方差估计，以估计调查估计值（如均值或比例）。对于更复杂的统计量，如生育率和死亡率，使用Jackknife重复复制方法进行方差估计。
注意：请参阅调查报告附录B中抽样误差计算的详细估计。
数据评估
数据质量表
- 家庭年龄分布
- 合格和接受访谈的女性的年龄分布
- 报告的完整性
- 按日历年出生
- 报告死亡时的年龄
- 报告死亡时的月份
注意：请参阅调查报告附录C中的详细表格。