Estimated change in plasma oxidized LDL levels in association with carbon load or distance from residence to major roads.

Estimates reflect the change in oxidized LDL (U/L); CI = confidence interval.Model 1: Unadjusted.Model 2: Adjusted for sex, age, LDL and HDL cholesterol.Model 3: Adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, LDL and HDL cholesterol, BMI, type of diabetes, glycated haemoglobin, statin use and blood leukocyte counts.*Effect size calculated for an interquartile range difference in carbon load.†Effect size was calculated for a twofold increase in distance from residence to major road (based on a model with log distance).