TABLE 1 TABLE 2 in Polybia, Paraphyly, and Polistine Phylogeny

TABLE 1 Adult Characters for Subgenera of Polybia and Five Outgroup Genera Multistate character 15 is treated as additive; multistate characters are otherwise treated as nonadditive. An asterisk denotes a polymorphism showing all applicable states; a dollar sign denotes a subset polymorphism (Myrapetra: states 0 and 1 in character 1, 0 and 1 in character 11, and 1 and 4 in character 20; and Trichinothorax: states 0 and 2 in character 1, 0 and 1 in character 5, 0 and 1 in character 11, 0 and 1 in character 14, 1 and 3 in character 20, and 0 and 1 in character 23).
TaxaCharacter1 5 10 15 20 | | | | |Protonectarina200020001000020100000002Epipona002021011011120000052000Synoecoides011120110000102002131031Chartergus000000000001000103260012Brachygastra2000$0000001000103261012Polybia010100100020101001130013Apopolybia010100100000111011121023Alpha010100100000111001020013Myrapetra$10000**00$01100000$0004Furnariana01010000010*100101011024Cylindroeca010111011220100100001014Trichinothorax$10*$10**0$01$01*00$10$4Pedothoeca010121011010110100000024Formicicola010100110000111101020124Platypolybia110110110000120101010024