Origin, evolution and domestication of cultivated peanuts

Six representative gap-free genomes of peanuts were assembled. Complex transposable element activity, chromosomal rearrangement, and centromere expansion of subgenomes were characterized, contributing to the asymmetrical evolution since the origin of the tetraploid genome. Using these gap-free genomes, 521 peanut accessions collected worldwide were further resequenced and analyzed. This advancement aids in comprehensively understanding peanut origin and domestication, as well as exploring and enhancing breeding improvement.