Propagation of Whistler Mode Waves in Earth’s Inner Magnetosphere in the Presence of Field Aligned Irregularities and Geomagnetic Curvature

This study investigates the propagation characteristics of whistler-mode waves in the presence of geomagnetic field-line curvature and magnetospheric density ducts. We utilize observational data from the Van Allen Probes to achieve numerical simulations using both the ray tracing and the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The combined approach allows for a comprehensive analysis of wave behavior under realistic magnetospheric conditions.