Refined Astragalus-Echinacea compound polysaccharides attenuate macrophage pyroptosis by dual modulation of the cAMP-PKA and TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathways

Refined Astragalus-Echinacea compound polysaccharides attenuate macrophage pyroptosis by dual modulation of the cAMP-PKA and TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathways.
Refined Astragalus-Echinacea compound polysaccharides attenuate macrophage pyroptosis by dual modulation of the cAMP-PKA and TLR4-MyD88 signaling pathways.
1. Morphological characterization of the refined Astragalus-Echinacea compound polysaccharides (C-APS), including ultrastructural observation by electron microscopy and determination of average molecular weight by atomic force microscopy.
2. Evaluation of the biosafety profile of refined Astragalus-Echinacea compound polysaccharides in J774A.1 macrophages.
Pyroptosis was induced in J774A.1 macrophages using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The anti-pyroptotic effect of C-APS was assessed by Hoechst 33342/PI staining and ELISA detection of caspase-1, caspase-3, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels. Mechanistic studies were conducted using pathway-specific inhibitors (MDL12330A, H89, RDR02308, TJ-M2010-5).
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