Descriptives of 284 publications from medium and top tier biomedical journals used to count and classify limitations and calculate the hedging scores.

Numbers are medians and (in brackets) interquartile ranges unless indicated otherwise; RCT = randomized controlled trial; Raw scores indicate the number of hedges in a publication (weighted by a hedging weight between 1 and 5); the hedging score is calculated by dividing the raw score by the number of words in (the relevant sections of) the publication. A hedging score of 3.0% indicates that on every 100 words there is one expression of uncertainty with a weight of 3 (or three with a hedging weight of 1, or less than 1, but with a hedging weight higher than 3, that is, expressing more uncertainty).