Individual-level results.

Plus (+) signs indicate significant main effects with a positive relationship to the dependent variable. Minus (-) signs indicate significant main effects with a negative relationship to the dependent variable. The letters ‘ns’ indicate non-significant main effects. The word ‘interaction in parentheses indicates a predictor involved in significant interaction terms, regardless of the significance of the main effect. The data set for ‘α- matriline’ is subset of data that only included individuals from the highest-ranking matriline (alpha) and the alpha and beta males. a1 being highest ranking. bNA means no association.