Demographic Characteristics, by Maternal Depression Chronicity.

Note: With two exceptions, all demographic characteristics are measured at baseline. Employed in the past week is measured at the 1-year survey, and depression chronicity of the child’s father captures responses from the 1-, 3-, 5-, and 9-year surveys. Chi-square tests or ANOVA tests, depending on the distribution of the independent variable, compare differences across groups.aMothers have intermittent depression if they report depression at one or two of the four survey waves. Mothers have persistent depression if they report depression at three or four of the four survey waves.