Caledonian Pinewood Inventory

Description:

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) has the largest natural distribution of any conifer in the world, ranging from northern Norway to Spain, and from Scotland across Europe and Asia to Siberia and north-east China. It can grow on a range of soil types, surviving where the rainfall is as low as 200mm, and/or where the temperature drops to -64 degrees C.

In Scotland, pines were an important component of post-glacial natural forests (the so-called Wood of Caledon) which covered an estimated 70% of the country. They were largely confined to the poorest soils, often occurring in association with birch, but they also grew in mixture with other species in natural transitions to oak, ash and elm dominated woodland on the better soils, and to willows and alder on wet areas. Over many centuries vast areas of these ancient forests were cleared, and pinewood regeneration was prevented, either by allowing the land to be grazed or by replanting it with other tree species, usually of non-native origin. Other adverse effects were the browsing of deer and 'muirburning' to improve the grazing or the age structure of heather on adjacent grouse moors.

Pinewoods vary enormously in size, structure and natural species diversity. In Deeside, Strathspey and the Beauly catchment the pine-dominated woodlands are relatively extensive, but in Glen Falloch and Glen Loyne there are only a few old trees scattered over a large area. Other pinewoods occur on steep cliff faces, or in gorge woodlands, such as at Glen Avon, Allt Chaorunn and Attadale, where there may be several age classes present. The wet western pinewoods are more fragmented and isolated than most, and are generally regarded as being in the poorest condition, occasionally merging with oak, alder and other woodland types, indicating that there is scope for re-creating large new mixed native forests in those areas.

There are also biochemical differences between pinewoods; these are indicative of genetic variation. Of the seven Regions of biochemical similarity identified, the North West Biochemical Region, near Kinlochewe, is the most distinct, exhibiting considerable differences between individual pinewoods. It is known from the analysis of pollen records taken from peat bogs that pine has been present in North West Scotland for at least 8500 years, but when combined with the genetic information one may begin to speculate that the pines we see now are the direct descendants of trees which survived the last ice age either in Ireland, or possibly on areas of the continental shelf exposed by the lowered sea levels at that time.

The pinewoods of the South West Biochemical Region, around Fort William, are another distinct group. They show less variation between the fragments, although it is believed that they had a similar history to those in the North West Biochemical Region. The biochemical characteristics of the other pinewoods in Scotland are not so dissimilar, and these pinewoods seem to have more in common with Central Europe pinewoods.

In 1959 Steven and Carlisle published their book 'The Native Pinewoods of Scotland', in which they listed and described most of what they regarded as surviving (ex-Caledonian Forest ) pinewoods. This stimulated an interest in pinewood conservation, and in due course the introduction of a number of incentives to support pinewood management and expansion. More recently the native pinewoods of Scotland have been listed as an endangered habitat in the EC Habitats Directive. They are also the subject of a costed Habitat Action Plan (prepared under the UK Biodiversity Plan) which gives quantitative targets for the protection, restoration and expansion of the pinewoods by both natural regeneration and replanting. These targets are based on an earlier version of this Inventory.

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To prepare the Caledonian Pinewood Inventory, the current extent of the native pinewoods named by Steven and Carlisle, have been investigated. Some of the pinewood fragments which they thought were too small to form discreet pinewood habitats, have also been considered. The total pinewood area now included in the Inventory is nearly 18000 hectares, and comprises 84 separate pinewoods of various sizes. In all cases the balance of probability suggests that they are genuinely native, that is, descended from one generation to another by natural seeding.

In addition, each pinewood has:

• a minimum density of 4 pine trees per hectare, excluding trees less than 2 metres in height, or at least 50 pine trees per hectare where sites have been extensively underplanted but are deemed capable of restoration to a more natural state;

• a minimum of 30 individual trees, unless the wood has historical, aethetic or biological significance;

• vegetation which is characteristic of native pinewood, although possibly of a depleted diversity;

• a semi-natural soil profile, but accepting also sites with superficial cultivation such as shallow ploughing or scarification with some widely spaced drains.

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Inventory Rules:

PINEWOOD FRAGMENT
Recorded separately if more than 1.5km from another fragment.

REGENERATION ZONE
Standard 100m but more if conditions indicate spread is likely to be greater (e.g. Glen Tanar). Where regeneration is likely to be less, such as a fragment of pine in an oakwood, then a smaller regeneration zone may be indicated (e.g. Loch Maree Islands). Area does not normally include open water unless the whole of the open water is within the pinewood and regeneration zone.

BUFFER ZONE
Standard 500m beyond regeneration zone but can be extended further:- 500m beyond watershed or 700m above sea level (e.g. Gleann Fuar) link fragments together (e.g. Barisdale)

Buffer zones will not include extensive areas of open water (e.g. South Loch Arkaig) unless the whole of the open water is within the buffer zone. Where the buffer zone includes some ground on the other shore of a loch then the water will be part of the buffer zone (e.g. Loch Hourn).

PLANTED AREAS
If of correct local origin then accept as pinewood if less than a third of total area of pinewood. The planted areas would be hatched on the maps and recorded as part of the regeneration zone not as part of the pinewood. Planted areas of correct origin, which are alongside pinewood, can have the regeneration zone round them (e.g. Doire Darach).

Where a planted area has just been planted or is to be planted and is more than a third of the area of the pinewood, then it may be considered as part of the buffer zone and the buffer zone may be extended to 500m beyond the planted area (e.g. Breda).

Planted areas of local origin which are more than 500m from the pinewood will be ignored.

ATTRIBUTES
===========
FEATCODE: Feature Code
FEATDESC: Feature Description
PINEID: Pinewood ID
PINENAME: Pinewood Name
NGR: National Grid Reference
COREAREA: Area of the core woodland (Ha)
REGENAREA: Area of the regneration zone (Ha)
BUFFERAREA: Area of the buffer zone (Ha)
TOTALAREA: Total area (Ha)
BIOCHEM: Biochemical region

描述：
苏格兰松（Pinus sylvestris L.）是世界上任何针叶树中天然分布最广的树种，其分布范围从挪威北部至西班牙，从苏格兰跨越欧洲和亚洲至西伯利亚和东北中国。该树种能在多种土壤类型上生长，能在年降水量低至200毫米、气温降至-64摄氏度的地区生存。
在苏格兰，松树曾是冰河时期后自然森林（所谓卡莱顿森林）的重要组成部分，这些森林覆盖了该国估计70%的面积。它们主要分布于土壤贫瘠的地区，常与白桦树伴生，但在土壤肥沃的地区，它们也与其他树种混合生长，形成了以橡树、榆树和栎树为主的林带，或在潮湿地区与柳树和白蜡树混生。在多个世纪中，这些古老森林的广大区域被砍伐，松树的生长受到了阻碍，要么是允许土地放牧，要么是通过重新种植其他树种（通常为非本地树种）来阻止松树的生长。其他不利影响包括鹿的啃食和为了改善放牧条件或相邻高地上的石楠木的年龄结构而进行的‘穆尔燃烧’。
松树林在规模、结构和自然物种多样性方面差异极大。在迪西德、斯特拉斯佩伊和比尤利流域，以松树为主的林地相对广阔，但在法洛奇谷和洛伊恩谷，只有几棵老树散布在广阔的地区。其他松树林分布在陡峭的悬崖上，或在峡谷林地中，如阿冯谷、阿奇尔山谷和艾塔代尔，这些地方可能存在多个年龄层的树木。湿润的西部松树林比大多数地区更加破碎和孤立，通常被认为状况最差，偶尔与橡树、白蜡树和其他林地类型相融合，这表明在这些地区有重新创建大型新混交原生森林的潜力。
松树林之间也存在生物化学差异，这些差异指示了遗传变异。在确定的七个生物化学相似区域中，靠近金洛克维的西北生物化学区域最为独特，不同松树林之间的差异相当显著。通过对泥炭沼泽中采集的孢粉记录的分析，已知松树在苏格兰西北部至少存在了8500年，但结合遗传信息，我们开始推测现在我们所见的松树可能是直接继承自那些在爱尔兰或当时因海平面下降而暴露的陆架地区幸存下来的树木的后代。
位于福伊尔威廉的西南生物化学区域的松树林是另一个独特的群体。它们在碎片之间的变异较小，尽管人们认为它们与西北生物化学区域的松树林有着相似的历史。苏格兰其他地区的松树林的生物化学特征并不那么不同，这些松树林似乎与中欧的松树林有更多的共同之处。
1959年，斯蒂文和卡尔利斯出版了他们的著作《苏格兰原生松树林》，在其中列出了他们认为幸存下来的（前卡莱顿森林）大多数松树林，并对它们进行了描述。这激发了对松树林保护的兴趣，并最终引入了一系列激励措施来支持松树林的管理和扩张。最近，苏格兰的原生松树林已被列为欧盟栖息地指令中的濒危栖息地。它们也是一项成本效益分析栖息地行动计划（在英国生物多样性计划下制定）的主题，该计划为通过自然再生和重新种植来保护、恢复和扩大松树林设定了定量目标。这些目标基于此清单的早期版本。
为了准备卡莱顿松树林清单，调查了斯蒂文和卡尔利斯所命名的原生松树林的当前范围。他们认为太小而无法形成独立松树林栖息地的某些松树林碎片也被考虑在内。现在包含在清单中的总松树林面积接近18000公顷，包括84个不同大小的独立松树林。
在所有情况下，根据概率平衡，它们都是真正的原生松树林，即通过自然播种一代代传承下来的。
此外，每个松树林都具有以下特征：
• 每公顷至少有4棵松树，不包括高度低于2米的树木，或者在广泛种植但被认为有能力恢复到更自然状态的地方，每公顷至少有50棵松树；
• 至少有30棵独立树木，除非该林地具有历史、美学或生物意义；
• 具有特征性的原生松树林植被，尽管可能多样性有所减少；
• 半自然土壤剖面，但接受表面耕作如浅耕或带有一些稀疏排水沟的表面耕作。
清单规则：
松树林碎片
如果距离另一个碎片超过1.5公里，则单独记录。
再生区
标准为100米，但如果条件表明扩散可能更大（例如，坦纳尔谷），则可能更大。如果再生可能性较低，例如橡树林中的松树碎片，则可能指示较小的再生区（例如，洛奇马里岛）。通常不包括开放水域，除非整个开放水域都在松树林和再生区内。
缓冲区
在再生区外500米处，但可以进一步延伸：在分水岭外500米或在海拔700米以上（例如，格莱恩弗尔）连接碎片。缓冲区通常不包括广阔的开放水域（例如，南洛赫阿卡伊格），除非整个开放水域都在缓冲区内。如果缓冲区包括湖的另一侧的一些地面，则水域将成为缓冲区的一部分（例如，洛赫豪恩）。
种植区
如果为正确的本地起源，则如果占松树林总面积不到三分之一，则接受为松树林。种植区将在地图上用虚线表示，并作为再生区的一部分记录，而不是作为松树林的一部分。位于松树林旁边的正确起源的种植区可以围绕它们设置再生区（例如，多伊尔达拉赫）。
如果种植区刚刚种植或将要种植，并且面积超过松树林面积的三分之一，则它可以被认为是缓冲区的一部分，缓冲区可以扩展到种植区外500米（例如，布雷达）。
来自正确本地起源的种植区，如果距离松树林超过500米，则不予考虑。
属性
=================
FEATCODE: 特征代码
FEATDESC: 特征描述
PINEID: 松树林ID
PINENAME: 松树林名称
NGR: 国家网格参考
COREAREA: 核心林地面积（公顷）
REGENAREA: 再生区面积（公顷）
BUFFERAREA: 缓冲区面积（公顷）
TOTALAREA: 总面积（公顷）
BIOCHEM: 生物化学区域