Causal role of immune cells in IgA nephropathy: a mendelian randomization study

Previous observational studies have shown that immune cells play an important role in IgA nephropathy. However, the specific causal relationship between the two is inconsistent. We used a two-sample mendelian randomization(MR) analysis to investigate the causal association between 731 immune cell signatures and IgA nephropathy in this study. Based on published GWAS data, immune cells were characterized by four immune types absolute cell (AC) counts, median fluorescence intensity (MFI), morphological parameters (MP), relative cell (RC) counts. Meanwhile, heterogeneity test, horizontal pleiotropy and sensitivity test were used to evaluate the robustness and reliability of the results. An important causal association was achieved for 14 RC traits/IgA nephropathy, 3 AC traits/IgA nephropathy, 10 MFI traits/IgA nephropathy, and 1 MP trait/IgA nephropathy. However, after false discovery rate (FDR) correction, only one immunophenotype was found to be protective against IgA nephropathy. The OR of herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM) on terminally differentiated CD4+ T cell (maturation stages of T-cell panel) on IgA nephropathy risk was estimated to be 0.727 (95%CI: 0.624-0.847, <i>p</i> = 4.20e − 05, P_FDR = 0.023) according to inverse variance weighting (IVW) method, and the weighted-median method yielded similar results (OR = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.596-0.927, <i>p</i> = 0.008). Although not statistically significant, the association was consistent with MR-Egger, simple mode and weighted mode. Our study further confirmed that immune cells play a complex and important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, providing evidence for clinical research.