Intranasal Akkermansia muciniphila vesicles rescue smoking-induced cognitive decline via indole-3-lactic acid-mediated microglial repair

Fecal samples and clinical data were collected from elderly participants enrolled at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou, China).They had not taken antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in the previous month before fecal samples collected. Participant were stratified into two groups based on smoking history and cognitive status:Non-Smoking cognitively intact controls, n =15Somke-mild cognitive impairment, n = 15