p-AMPK phosphorylates TSC1:TSC2
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Activated AMPK (phosphorylated on the alpha subunit and with AMP bound) phosphorylates TSC2 (also known as tuberin) on Ser-1387, thereby activating the GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity of the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). The TSC tumor suppressor is a critical upstream inhibitor of the mTORC1 complex. TSC is a GTPase-activating protein that stimulates the intrinsic GTPase activity of the small G-protein Rheb. This inactivates Rheb by stimulating its GTPase activity. The GDP-bound form of Rheb looses the ability to activate the kinase activity of the mTORC1 complex (Sancak et al. 2007). Loss of TSC1 or TSC2 leads to hyperactivation of mTORC1. <br><br>Phosphorylation of TSC1 and TSC2 serves as an integration point for a wide variety of environmental signals that regulate mTORC1 (Sabatini 2006). Mitogen-activated kinases including Akt, Erk, and Rsk directly phosphorylate TSC2, leading to its inactivation by an unknown mechanism. Another Akt substrate, PRAS40, was recently shown to bind and inhibit the mTORC1 complex. Upon phosphorylation by Akt, PRAS40 no longer inhibits mTORC1 (Sancak et al. 2007; Vander Haar et al. 2007).
激活的 AMPK(在 α 亚基上磷酸化且与 AMP 结合)在 Ser-1387 位点上磷酸化 TSC2(亦称肿瘤抑制蛋白 tuberin),从而激活了结节性硬化症复杂体(TSC)的 GTP 酶激活蛋白(GAP)活性。TSC 肿瘤抑制因子是 mTORC1 复合体的关键上游抑制剂。TSC 是一种 GTP 酶激活蛋白,它能刺激小 G 蛋白 Rheb 的内在 GTP 酶活性。通过刺激 Rheb 的 GTP 酶活性,这导致 Rheb 失活。GDP 结合形式的 Rheb 丧失了激活 mTORC1 复合体激酶活性的能力(Sancak 等,2007 年)。TSC1 或 TSC2 的缺失会导致 mTORC1 复合体的过度激活。<br><br>TSC1 和 TSC2 的磷酸化充当了多种环境信号的整合点,这些信号调节 mTORC1(Sabatini,2006 年)。包括 Akt、Erk 和 Rsk 在内的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶直接磷酸化 TSC2,导致其通过未知机制失活。另一种 Akt 底物 PRAS40 最近被发现可以结合并抑制 mTORC1 复合体。在 Akt 磷酸化后,PRAS40 将不再抑制 mTORC1(Sancak 等,2007 年;Vander Haar 等,2007 年)。
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