Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Cyclic Tetrapeptides from the Co-cultures of Two Marine-Derived Fungi

Violaceotides B–E (1–4),
four new cyclic tetrapeptides, along with seven known compounds, were
identified from the sponge-associated Aspergillus insulicola IMB18-072 co-cultivated with the marine-derived Alternaria
angustiovoidea IMB20-805. Their structures were elucidated
by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS, 1D
and 2D NMR, and MS/MS data. The absolute configurations were determined
by the advanced Marfey’s method. Compounds 2, 3, and violaceotide A (5) displayed selective
antimicrobial activities against the aquatic pathogenic bacteria Edwardsiella tarda and E. ictaluri. In
addition, compounds 1–5 showed inhibitory
activities against the LPS-induced expression of the inflammatory
mediator IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 10 μM.