Dual-function hollow CuS@CuInS₂ heterostructures for rapid and potent bacterial inactivation via photothermal and catalytic mechanisms

To combat rising bacterial infections, a hollow CuS@CuInS2 heterostructure is engineered via ion-exchange and self-assembly. This hollow design provides dual photothermal/catalytic functions under visible/808 nm near-infrared irradiation, achieving high photothermal efficiency and stability. Integrating CuInS2 quantum dots improves charge separation and extends carrier lifetimes compared to CuS alone. The architecture offers multiple reactive sites, enhancing photothermal Cu2+ release and light-triggered ROS production. Combined heat, Cu2+, and ROS disrupt bacterial membranes, cause nucleic acid leakage, and eliminate >90% of S. aureus in 15 min (2.5 mg mL‒1). The material shows favorable biocompatibility and negligible hemolysis. By synergizing multiple bactericidal pathways, this solar-responsive agent offers an effective solution for bacterial infections.