Astral-DIA Proteomics Deciphers the Molecular Landscape of Human Spermatozoa: A Comprehensive Quantitative Proteomic Characterization of Sperm Function and Fertility Potential

Male infertility is fundamentally rooted in developmental defects of germ cells and associated molecular dysregulation, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) has emerged as a powerful tool in discovery proteomics, enabling the identification of disease biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and molecular pathways with high precision and reproducibility. T