Mean (±1 SE) soil characteristics under green, red and gray stage whitebark pine trees at Vipond Park in southwestern Montana.

Green stage represents unattacked trees, red stage, trees attacked within the last five years, and gray stage, trees attacked>five years ago. Lower case letters denote significant differences among stages (rows) and number of stars denotes significant differences among sampling dates (columns). Letters and stars denote significant differences at α = 0.05.