Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011 - Zimbabwe

Abstract
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The 2010-2011 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey (2010-11 ZDHS) is one of a series of surveys undertaken by the Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) as part of the Zimbabwe National Household Survey Capability Programme (ZNHSCP) and the worldwide MEASURE DHS programme.

The 2010-11 ZDHS is a follow-on to the 1988, 1994, 1999, and 2005-06 ZDHS surveys and provides updated estimates of basic demographic and health indicators covered in these earlier surveys. Data on malaria prevention and treatment, domestic violence, anaemia, and HIV/AIDS were also collected in the 2010-11 ZDHS. In contrast to the earlier surveys, the 2010-11 ZDHS was carried out using electronic personal digital assistants (PDAs) rather than paper questionnaires for recording
responses during interviews.

The primary objective of the 2010-11 ZDHS is to provide up-to-date information on fertility levels, nuptiality, sexual activity, fertility preferences, awareness and use of family planning methods, breastfeeding practices, nutritional status of mothers and young children, early childhood mortality and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, and knowledge and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Geographic coverage
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The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe's 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo).

Analysis unit
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Household, individual, adult woman, adult male,

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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The sample for the 2010-11 ZDHS was designed to provide population and health indicator estimates at the national and provincial levels. The sample design allows for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Zimbabwe’s 10 provinces (Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands, Masvingo, Harare, and Bulawayo). The sampling frame used for the 2010-11 ZDHS was the 2002 Population Census.

Administratively, each province in Zimbabwe is divided into districts and each district into smaller administrative units called wards. During the 2002 Population Census, each of the wards was subdivided into enumeration areas (EAs). The 2010-11 ZDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. Overall, the sample included 406 EAs, 169 in urban areas and 237 in rural areas.

Households were the units for the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 406 selected EAs in July and August 2010. Maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all private households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living facilities (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 10,828 households was selected for the 2010-11 ZDHS.

All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-54 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. Anaemia testing was performed in each household among eligible women and men who consented to being tested. With the parent’s or guardian’s consent, children age 6-59 months were also tested for anaemia. Also, among eligible women and men who consented, blood samples were collected for laboratory testing of HIV in each household. In addition, one eligible woman in each household was randomly selected to be asked additional questions about domestic violence.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face

Research instrument
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Three questionnaires were used for the 2010-11 ZDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect population and health issues relevant to Zimbabwe. Relevant issues were identified at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and international donors. Also, more than 30 individuals representing 19 separate stakeholders attended a questionnaire design meeting on 8-9 February 2010. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into two major languages, Shona and Ndebele.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members and visitors of selected households. Some basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on age and sex obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for an individual interview. Additionally, the Household Questionnaire collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, ownership of various durable goods, and ownership and use of mosquito nets (to assess the coverage of malaria prevention programmes).

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics:
- Background characteristics (age, education, media exposure, etc.)
- Birth history and childhood mortality
- Knowledge and use of family planning methods
- Fertility preferences
- Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
- Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
- Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
- Marriage and sexual activity
- Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
- Malaria prevention and treatment
- Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- Adult mortality, including maternal mortality
- Domestic violence

The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-54 in each household in the 2010-11 ZDHS sample. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information found in the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health.

In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews.

Cleaning operations
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In this survey, instead of using paper questionnaires, interviewers used personal digital assistants to record responses during interviews. The PDAs were equipped with Bluetooth technology to enable remote electronic transfer of files (e.g., transfer of assignment sheets from team supervisors to interviewers and transfer of completed questionnaires from interviewers to supervisors). The PDA data collection system was developed by the MEASURE DHS project using the mobile version of CSPro. CSPro is software developed jointly by the U.S. Census Bureau, the MEASURE DHS project, and Serpro S.A.

All electronic data files for the ZDHS were returned to the ZIMSTAT central office in Harare, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which involved resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. Two members of the data processing staff processed the data. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro software. Office editing and data processing were initiated in October 2010 and completed in May 2011.

Response rate
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A total of 10,828 households were selected for the sample, of which 10,166 were found to be occupied during the survey fieldwork. The shortfall was largely due to members of some households being away for an extended period of time and to structures that were found to be vacant at the time of the interview. Of the 10,166 existing households, 9,756 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 96 percent. A total of 9,831 eligible women were identified in the interviewed households, and 9,171 of these women were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 93 percent. Of the 8,723 eligible men identified, 7,480 were successfully interviewed (86 percent response rate). The principal reason for nonresponse among both eligible men and women was the failure to find them at home despite repeated visits to the households. The lower response rate among men than among women was due to the more frequent and longer absences of men from the households. Nevertheless, the response rates for both women and men were higher in the 2010-11 ZDHS than in the 2005-06 ZDHS (in which response rates were 90 percent for women and 82 percent for men).

Sampling error estimates
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Sampling errors for the 2010-11 ZDHS are calculated for selected variables considered to be of primary interest.

摘要
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2010-2011年津巴布韦人口与健康调查（2010-11 ZDHS）是津巴布韦国家统计局（ZIMSTAT）在津巴布韦国家 household 调查能力计划（ZNHSCP）以及全球 MEASURE DHS 计划框架下开展的一系列调查之一。

2010-11 ZDHS 作为1988年、1994年、1999年和2005-06年 ZDHS 调查的后续调查，提供了这些早期调查所涵盖的基本人口与健康指标的更新估计。在2010-11 ZDHS 中，还收集了关于疟疾预防和治疗、家庭暴力、贫血和 HIV/AIDS 的数据。与早期调查相比，2010-11 ZDHS 采用电子个人数字助理（PDAs）而非纸质问卷进行访谈期间的响应记录。

2010-11 ZDHS 的主要目标是提供关于生育水平、婚姻状况、性行为、生育偏好、计划生育方法的认知与使用、母乳喂养实践、母亲和婴幼儿的营养状况、婴幼儿死亡率和孕产妇死亡率、母亲和儿童健康，以及关于 HIV/AIDS 和其他性传播感染（STIs）的知识和行为的最新信息。

地理覆盖范围
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2010-11 ZDHS 的样本设计旨在为国家及省级水平提供人口与健康指标估计。样本设计允许针对津巴布韦的10个省份（马尼卡兰、马绍纳兰中央、马绍纳兰东、马绍纳兰西、马塔贝兰北、马塔贝兰南、 Midlands、Masvingo、哈拉雷和 Bulawayo）的特定指标，如避孕药使用率，进行计算。

分析单元
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家庭、个人、成年女性、成年男性

数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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2010-11 ZDHS 的样本设计旨在为国家及省级水平提供人口与健康指标估计。样本设计允许针对津巴布韦的10个省份的特定指标，如避孕药使用率，进行计算。2010-11 ZDHS 的抽样框架是2002年人口普查。

行政上，津巴布韦的每个省份被划分为地区，每个地区又被划分为更小的行政单位，称为区。在2002年人口普查期间，每个区都被划分为计数区域（EAs）。2010-11 ZDHS 的样本采用分层、两阶段聚类设计，EAs 是第一阶段抽样单位。总体而言，样本包括406个 EAs，其中169个位于城市地区，237个位于农村地区。

家庭是第二阶段抽样的单位。在2010年7月和8月，对每个选定的406个 EAs 中的家庭进行了完整的清单编制。为每个集群绘制了地图，并列出了所有私人家庭。清单排除了机构居住设施（例如，军营、医院、警察营地和寄宿学校）。为2010-11 ZDHS 选定了10,828个家庭的代表性样本。

所有15-49岁的女性和所有15-54岁的男性，无论是选定家庭的永久居民还是前一天晚上在家庭中过夜的访客，都有资格接受访谈。对同意接受测试的合格女性和男性进行了贫血测试。在获得父母或监护人的同意后，6-59个月大的儿童也接受了贫血测试。此外，在同意的合格女性和男性中，在每个家庭收集了血液样本，以进行实验室的 HIV 测试。此外，在家庭中随机选择了一名合格的女性，以了解家庭暴力等额外问题。

数据收集方式
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面对面

研究工具
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2010-11 ZDHS 使用了三种问卷：家庭问卷、女性问卷和男性问卷。这些问卷是从为 MEASURE DHS 项目开发的模型调查工具改编而来，以反映与津巴布韦相关的人口与健康问题。在一系列与政府各部门和机构、非政府组织（NGOs）和国际捐助者的利益相关者会议中确定了相关议题。此外，超过30名代表19个不同利益相关者的个人参加了2010年2月8日至9日举行的问卷设计会议。除了英语外，问卷还翻译成了两种主要语言，即绍纳语和恩德贝莱语。

家庭问卷用于列出选定家庭的所有常住成员和访客。收集了有关列出的每个人的基本特征的信息，包括年龄、性别、教育程度和与家庭户主的关系。对于18岁以下的儿童，确定了父母的生存状况。家庭问卷中获得关于年龄和性别的数据用于识别有资格接受个人访谈的女性和男性。此外，家庭问卷还收集了有关家庭居住单位特征的信息，例如水的来源、卫生设施类型、房屋地板的材料、各种耐用商品的拥有权以及蚊帐的拥有和使用（以评估疟疾预防计划的覆盖率）。

女性问卷用于收集所有15-49岁女性的信息。这些女性被问及以下主题的问题：
- 背景（年龄、教育、媒体接触等）
- 出生史和儿童死亡率
- 计划生育方法的认知和使用
- 生育偏好
- 产前、分娩和产后护理
- 母乳喂养和婴儿喂养实践
- 疫苗接种和儿童疾病
- 婚姻和性行为
- 妇女工作和丈夫的背景特征
- 疟疾预防和治疗
- 关于艾滋病和其他性传播感染（STIs）的认知和行为
- 成人死亡率，包括孕产妇死亡率
- 家庭暴力

男性问卷用于2010-11 ZDHS 样本中每个家庭的所有15-54岁男性。男性问卷收集了与女性问卷中找到的许多相同的信息，但由于不包含详细的生殖史或关于孕产妇和儿童健康的问题，因此篇幅较短。

在本调查中，访谈员使用个人数字助理记录访谈期间的响应，而不是使用纸质问卷。

数据清理操作
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在本调查中，访谈员使用个人数字助理记录访谈期间的响应，而不是使用纸质问卷。PDAs 配备了蓝牙技术，以便远程电子传输文件（例如，将任务表从团队主管传输到访谈员，以及将完成的问卷从访谈员传输到主管）。PDA 数据收集系统由 MEASURE DHS 项目开发，使用 CSPro 的移动版本。CSPro 是由美国人口普查局、MEASURE DHS 项目和 Serpro S.A. 共同开发的软件。

所有 ZDHS 的电子数据文件都返回到哈拉雷的 ZIMSTAT 中央办公室，在那里它们被存储在受密码保护的计算机上。数据处理操作包括二级编辑，涉及解决计算机识别的不一致性以及对开放式问题的编码。数据处理人员中的两名成员处理了数据。数据编辑使用 CSPro 软件完成。办公室编辑和数据处理于2010年10月开始，并于2011年5月完成。

响应率
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总共选择了10,828个家庭作为样本，其中在调查现场工作中发现10,166个家庭有人居住。缺额主要归因于一些家庭的成员长期外出，以及访谈时发现的结构为空。在10,166个现有家庭中，有9,756个家庭成功接受了访谈，家庭响应率为96%。在受访的家庭中，确定了9,831名符合条件的女性，其中9,171名女性接受了访谈，响应率为93%。在8,723名符合条件的男性中，有7,480名男性成功接受了访谈（响应率为86%）。不合格响应的主要原因是在多次访问家庭后未能找到合格的男性和女性。与女性相比，男性的响应率较低，这归因于男性更频繁且更长时间的离家。尽管如此，2010-11 ZDHS 中女性和男性的响应率均高于2005-06 ZDHS（其中女性的响应率为90%，男性的响应率为82%）。

抽样误差估计
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2010-11 ZDHS 的抽样误差是根据被视为主要兴趣变量的选定变量计算的。