Afrobarometer Survey 2005-2006, Merged 18 Country - Africa

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countires and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. The 18 African countries covered in Round 3 (2005-2006) are:

Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Round 4 (2008) surveyed citizens in 20 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 5 (2011-2013), 36 countries in Round 6 (2014-2015) and 34 countries in Round 7 (2016-2018).

Geographic coverage
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The survey has national coverage in the following 18 African countrires: Benin, Botswana, Cape Verde, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe

Analysis unit
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Households and individuals

Universe
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The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Kind of data
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Sample survey data

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalised settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design:
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages:
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewers alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found in Section 5 of the Afrobarometer Round 5 Survey Manual

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire for Round 3 addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. The survey instruments were not standardized across all countries and the following features should be noted:

• In the seven countries that originally formed the Southern Africa Barometer (SAB) - Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe - a standardized questionnaire was used, so question wording and response categories are the generally the same for all of these countries. The questionnaires in Mali and Tanzania were also essentially identical (in the original English version). Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria each had distinct questionnaires.

• This merged dataset combines, into a single variable, responses from across these different countries where either identical or very similar questions were used, or where conceptually equivalent questions can be found in at least nine of the different countries. For each variable, the exact question text from each of the countries or groups of countries ("SAB" refers to the Southern Africa Barometer countries) is listed.

• Response options also varied on some questions, and where applicable, these differences are also noted.

《非洲晴雨表》是一项比较性的公共态度调查系列，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等议题的态度。自1999年起，该调查每隔一段时间进行一次。随着时间的推移，《非洲晴雨表》的调查范围不断扩大。第1轮（1999-2001年）最初涵盖7个国家，后来扩展至12个国家。第2轮（2002-2004年）对16个国家的公民进行了调查。第3轮（2005-2006年）覆盖了18个非洲国家，包括：贝宁、博茨瓦纳、佛得角、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、南非、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。

地理覆盖范围
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该调查在以下18个非洲国家拥有全国性覆盖：贝宁、博茨瓦纳、佛得角、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、南非、坦桑尼亚、乌干达、赞比亚和津巴布韦。

分析单位
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家庭和个人

总体
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《非洲晴雨表》调查的样本总体包括该国所有具有投票年龄的公民。换句话说，我们排除了任何非公民以及那些在调查当天未达到此年龄（通常为18岁）的人。此外，排除的区域包括那些因武装冲突或自然灾害而确定无法到达或与本研究无关的区域，如国家公园和野生动物保护区。作为一种惯例，我们还排除了居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、监狱或养老院的居民。

数据类型
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样本调查数据

抽样程序
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《非洲晴雨表》使用旨在满足以下标准的国家概率样本。样本设计旨在生成一个样本，该样本是给定国家所有投票年龄公民的代表性横断面。目标是给予每位成年公民一个平等且已知的被选中接受访谈的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：

• 在抽样过程的每个阶段都使用随机选择方法；

• 在可能的情况下，在所有阶段按人口规模的比例抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单位有更大的概率被选中进入样本。

抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为一种标准做法，我们排除了居住在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、医院的病人以及监狱或养老院的居民。偶尔，我们还必须排除因冲突或不安全而确定无法到达的地区的居民。任何此类排除都在伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告中注明。

样本大小和设计：样本通常包括1200个或2400个案例。n=1200个案例的随机选择样本允许对国家成年人口进行推断，抽样误差不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。在n=2400的样本量下，抽样误差降低至95%置信水平下的±2.0%。

样本设计是集群、分层、多阶段、区域概率样本。具体而言，我们首先根据主要次国家政府单位（州、省、地区等）以及城市或农村位置对样本进行分层。区域分层降低了独特的种族或语言群体被排除在样本之外的几率。《非洲晴雨表》偶尔会故意对某些在国內政治上具有显著性的群体进行超抽样，以确保子样本的大小足够大，可以进行分析。任何超抽样都在技术信息报告中注明。

样本阶段：样本在四个或五个阶段中抽取。

阶段1：仅在乡村地区，第一阶段是抽取二级抽样单位（SSU）。在城区不使用SSU，在一些国家，它们也不在乡村地区使用。有关任何给定国家的具体样本信息，请参阅伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告。

阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。

阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起点。

阶段4：访谈员随后随机选择家庭。

阶段5：在家庭内部，访谈员随机选择一个受访者。每位访谈员在每个家庭中交替对男性和女性进行访谈，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将实地调查的成本和后勤保持在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中集中了八个访谈。

有关抽样协议的更多信息，包括样本选择每个阶段的详细方法，请参阅《非洲晴雨表》第5轮调查手册的第5节。

数据收集方式
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面对面访谈 [f2f]

研究工具
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第3轮的调查问卷针对特定国家的问题，但许多相同的问题在调查中也被问及。调查工具并非在所有国家标准化，以下特征应予以注意：

• 在最初构成南部非洲晴雨表（SAB）的7个国家——博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚和津巴布韦——使用了标准化的问卷，因此这些国家的问卷措辞和回答类别大致相同。马里和坦桑尼亚的问卷也基本上相同（原始版本为英语）。加纳、乌干达和尼日利亚各自有独特的问卷。

• 本合并数据集将来自这些不同国家（在这些问题中使用相同或非常相似的问题，或者在至少9个不同的国家中可以找到概念上等效的问题）的响应合并到一个单一变量中。对于每个变量，都列出了每个国家或国家组的（“SAB”指南部非洲晴雨表国家）的确切问题文本。

• 在一些问题上，响应选项也各不相同，在适用的情况下，这些差异也予以注明。