Birds that breed exclusively on islands have smaller clutches

The ‘island syndrome’ refers to similarity in the biology of island organisms, but its generality is questionable, as the scope of species and traits examined are often limited. Here, I show that birds breeding exclusively on islands (breeding island endemics) evolved smaller clutches, using a dataset of 4,530 bird species. Using an inclusive definition of a breeding island endemic, which also encompasses migratory species and seabirds, I examine the evolution of clutch sizes in island breeding species using phylogenetic generalized linear models. Across disparate phylogenetic hypotheses, and after accounting for biological and geographical co-variables, I show that breeding island endemic landbirds (470 species) evolved smaller clutch sizes than continental breeding species (3,818 species). I show that the evolution of clutch size follows the expectations of the island syndrome, as among breeding island endemic landbirds there is a positive relationship between clutch size and breeding range area. Finally, I reinforce the view that the island syndrome is a general pattern in birds, spanning diverse phylogenetic and ecological groups, by showing that in a seabird-only dataset (242 species), breeding island endemic seabirds show evolution of smaller clutch sizes. In a model of the full dataset of both landbirds and seabirds (4,530 species) there was no evidence of an interaction of being a seabird with breeding island endemicity, showing that seabirds and landbirds respond in the same way. This study, using more than 40% of all bird species, provides the first evidence of a general evolutionary response in a life history trait, clearly showing the island syndrome as a general evolutionary tendency associated with island environments.