Multi-generational high nitrogen application inhibits seed germination in wheat: Insights into metabolic dynamics and microbial interactions

Excessive nitrogen (N) application poses significant threats to soil health and crop resilience. Despite these concerns, the multi-generational impacts of prolonged high N exposure on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination remain poorly understood. This study examines the germination of wheat seeds from parents exposed to varying N levels across seven consecutive generations. Spatial metabolomics, transcriptomics, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were employed to analyze metabolic changes and microbial dynamics in embryos and endosperms.