Consistent meteorological (ERA5) and chemical (CLaMS) information across airborne measurements over the globe between 1997 and 2023

Content Interpolation of ERA5 variables, CLaMS mixing ration tracer and CLaMS age spectrum data onto the flight path. All campaigns are available with a time resolution of 10 seconds. In addition, the campaigns ND-MAX, PHILEAS and WISE are also available with a 1 second time resolution and DWD-O3-Sondes, NOAA-AirCore and NOAA-GUF with their original irregular time resolution. Campaigns ACCLIP (NSF/NCAR Gulfstream GV HIAPER (N677F), NASA WB-57F JSC (N926NA), KMA/NIMS Beech King Air 350HW NARA (HL5240)) ACRIDICON (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) AIRTOSS (Learjet 35-A (D-CGFD)) AMMA (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) ATom (NASA Douglas DC-8 AFRC (N817NA)) ATTREX (Northrop Grumman Global Hawk AFRC 872 (AV-6)) BLUESKY (DLR Dassault Falcon 20-E5 (D-CMET)) CAFE-Brazil (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) CAFE-EU (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) CARIBIC-1 (CARIBIC-01 Boeing 767-3G5(ER) (D-AMUN)) CARIBIC-2 (CARIBIC-02 Airbus A340-642 (D-AIHE)) CIRRUS-HL (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) COALESC (FAAM British Aerospace BAe-146-301 (G-LUXE)) CONTRAST (NSF/NCAR Gulfstream GV HIAPER (N677F)) CRYSTAL-FACE (NASA WB-57F JSC (N926NA)) DEEPWAVE (DLR Dassault Falcon 20-E5 (D-CMET), NSF/NCAR Gulfstream GV HIAPER (N677F)) DWD-O3-Sonde-HP (Ozonesonde) ECLIF-2 (DLR Airbus A320-232 ATRA (D-ATRA)) EMeRGe-EU (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) EMeRGe-Asia (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) ENVISAT (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) ESMVal (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) EuPLEx (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) GUF-AirCore (AirCore) GW-LCYCLE (DLR Dassault Falcon 20-E5 (D-CMET)) GW-LCYCLE-2 (DLR Dassault Falcon 20-E5 (D-CMET)) HIPPO (NSF/NCAR Gulfstream GV HIAPER (N677F)) LTU (Ballon) MACPEX (NASA WB-57F JSC (N926NA)) MidCiX (NASA WB-57F JSC) ML-CIRRUS (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) ND-MAX (NASA Douglas DC-8 AFRC (N817NA)) NOAA-AirCore (AirCore) OMO (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) PHILEAS (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) POLSTRACC (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) POSIDON (NASA WB-57F JSC (N927NA)) RACEPAC (Basler BT-67 Polar 6 (C-GHGF)) SABRE (NASA WB-57F JSC (N926NA)) SCOUT (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) SouthTRAC (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) SPartICus (SPEC Learjet 25 (N999MF)) SPURT (Learjet 35-A (D-CGFD)) START08 (NSF/NCAR Gulfstream GV HIAPER (N677F)) StratoClim (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) TACTS (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) TC4 (NASA WB-57F JSC (N926NA)) TRoCCiNOx (LII Mjassischtschew M55-Geophysika (RF-55204)) VERDI (Basler BT-67 Polar 5 (C-GAWI)) WISE (DLR Gulfstream G550 HALO (D-ADLR)) Changelog 14.04.2025: initial upload Funding This project has been funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – TRR 301 – Project-ID 428312742, TPChange: The Tropopause Region in a Changing Atmosphere (https://tpchange.de/). Project Z01 - TPChange data homogenization project Introduction Issues arise when observational data from small scales in time and space should be used on quasi-climatological studies. These issues are rooted in models, model types, temporal resolutions, grid widths, interpolation methods, calculation methods. The Main goal of this project is to create consistent supporting information for observational data sets using reanalysis and modelling data. Data usage In case you want to use the data, please contact Daniel Kunkel or Hans-Christoph Lachnitt. In case you want to use CLaMS age spectrum variables, please also contact Felix Plöger. In case you want to use CLaMS mixing ratio tracer, please also contact Paul Konopka. Data product Merge files contain geospatial information of the observation, i.e., time, longitude, latitude and pressure ERA5 reanalysis data (Hersbach et al., 2020) CLaMS chemical species model data (Pommertich et al., 2014; Konopka et al., 2022; Konopka et al., 2025) CLaMS age species model data (Plöger et al., 2016; Plöger et al., 2021) Data is interpolated linear in time bilinear in the horizontal linear in the vertical In the vertical interpolation is completed either using pressure, potential temperature or with the hybrid potential temperature depending on the variables. Model data ERA5 data native variables: temperature "ERA5_TEMP" in Kelvin pressure "ERA5_PRESS" in hPa surface pressure "ERA5_ps" in hPa potential temperature "ERA5_THETA" in Kelvin geopotential "ERA5_PHI" in m^2 s^-2 specific humidity "ERA5_SH" in kg kg^-1 cloud ice water content "ERA5_CIWC" in kg kg^-1 cloud liquid water content "ERA5_CLWC" in kg kg^-1 vertical wind "ERA5_OMEGA" in Pa s^-1 zonal wind "ERA5_U" in m s^-1 meridional wind "ERA5_V" in m s^-1 divergence "ERA5_D" in s^-1 vorticity (relative) "ERA5_VO" in s^-1 boundary layer height "ERA5_BLH" in m convective available potential energy "ERA5_CAPE" in J kg^-1 ozone mass mixing ratio "ERA5_O3" in kg kg^-1 derived variables: Squared Brunt-Vaisala frequency "ERA5_BVF" in s^-2 vertical wind shear "ERA5_S2" in s^-2 vertical wind in "ERA5_W" in m s^-1 potential vorticity "ERA5_PV" in pvu equivalent latitude "ERA5_EQLAT" in deg N tropopause diagnostics: potential temperature of first and second local lapse rate tropopause "ERA5_thermTP_THETA" in K pressure of first and second local lapse rate tropopause "ERA5_thermTP_PRESS" in hPa height of first and second local lapse rate tropopause "ERA5_thermTP_Z" in km pressure at main, second and third 1.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_1_5" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 2.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_2_0" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 3.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_3_5" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 4.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_4_0" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 6.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_6_0" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 8.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_8_0" in hPa pressure at main, second and third 10.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PRESS_10_0" in hPa potential temperature at main, second and third 1.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_1_5" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 2.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_2_0" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 3.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_3_5" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 4.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_4_0" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 6.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_6_0" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 8.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_8_0" in K potential temperature at main, second and third 10.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_THETA_10_0" in K geopotential at main, second and third 1.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_1_5" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 2.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_2_0" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 3.5 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_3_5" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 4.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_4_0" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 6.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_6_0" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 8.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_8_0" in m^2 s^-2 geopotential at main, second and third 10.0 PVU/380 K surface "ERA5_dynTP_PHI_10_0" in m^2 s^-2 CLaMS model data mixing ratio tracer: ozone volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_O3" in m^3 m^-3 carbon monoxid volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_CO" in m^3 m^-3 nitrous oxide volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_N2O" in m^3 m^-3 water vapour volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_H2O" in m^3 m^-3 carbon dioxide volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_CO2" in m^3 m^-3 methane volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_CH4" in m^3 m^-3 CFC11 volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_F11" in m^3 m^-3 CFC12 volume mixing ratio "CLaMS_F12" in m^3 m^-3 stratospheric air mass tracer "CLaMS_ST" in % age spectrum variables: E30 tracer with 30 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E30" in m^3 m^-3 E90 tracer with 90 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E90" in m^3 m^-3 E180 tracer with 180 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E180" in m^3 m^-3 E360 tracer with 360 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E360" in m^3 m^-3 E720 tracer with 720 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E720" in m^3 m^-3 E1080 tracer with 1080 day lifetime "AgeSpec_E1080" in m^3 m^-3 mass fraction younger than 1 month from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_01" in % mass fraction younger than 3 month from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_03" in % mass fraction younger than 6 month from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_06" in % mass fraction younger than 12 months from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_12m" in % mass fraction older than 12 months from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_12p" in % mass fraction older than 24 months from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_24" in % mass fraction older than 36 months from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_36" in % mass fraction older than 48 months from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MF_48" in % mean age from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_AGE" in year modal age from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MODE" in year median age from age-spectrum (10 yr) "AgeSpec_MEDIAN" in year mean age from clock-tracer (Boundary Age) "AgeSpec_BA" in year tropical surface mass fraction tracer "AgeSpec_TF_01" in % NH surface mass fraction tracer "AgeSpec_NF_01" in % SH surface mass fraction tracer "AgeSpec_SF_01" in % Observational data The merge files contain at least the positional data "time", "longitude", "latitude" and "pressure", "altitude" and "potential temperature": time "Time" is given in seconds with the reference date 01.01.1970 time "SsM" is given in seconds since midnight date "YMD" in yyyymmdd format latitude "Lat" is provided between "-90:90" in degrees north longitude "Lon" is provided between "-180:180" in degrees east static air pressure "Pres" in hPa pressure altitude "PAlt" in m potential temperature "Theta" in K Available Campaigns abbreviation long name year data source ACCLIP Asian Summer Monsoon Chemical & Climate Impact Project 2022 ACCLIP ACRIDICON Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems 2014 ACRIDICON AIRTOSS Aircraft Towed Sensor Shuttle 2013 Contact: Heiko Bozem AMMA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2006 Contact: Christian Rolf ATom Atmospheric Tomography Mission 2016 - 2018 ATom ATTREX Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment 2011 - 2015 ATTREX BLUESKY Bluesky (Examination of the atmosphere during the Coronavirus lockdown) 2020 BLUESKY CAFEBrazil Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Field Experiment in Brazil 2022, 2023 CAFE-Brasil CAFEEU Chemistry of the Atmosphere: Field Experiment over Europe 2020 CAFE-EU CARIBIC1 Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container 1 1997 - 2002 CARIBIC 1 CARIBIC2 Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container 2 2005 - 2020 CARIBIC 2 CIRRUSHL Cirrus in High Latitudes 2021 CIRRUS-HL COALESC Cloud physics and radiation studies 2011 COALESC CONTRAST Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics 2014 CONTRAST CRYSTALFACE The Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers - Florida Area Cirrus Experiment 2002 CRYSTAL-FACE DEEPWAVE Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment over New Zealand 2014 DEEPWAVE DWDO3SondeHP DWD Ozone Sondes from Hohenpeißenberg 1997 - 2022 DWD O3Sonde HP ECLIF2 Emission and Climate Impact of Alternative Fuel 2 2018 ECLIF 2 EMeRGeAsia Effect of megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the regional and global scale - Asia 2018 EMeRGe-Asia EMeRGeEU Effect of megacities on the transport and transformation of pollutants on the regional and global scale - EU 2017 EMeRGe-EU ENVISAT ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) Midlatitude Validation Campaign; Arctic Validation Campaign 2002, 2003 Contact: Christian Rolf ESMVal Transition from summer to autumn Earth System Model Validation 2012 ESMVal EuPLEx European Polar Stratospheric Cloud and Lee Wave Experiment 2003 Contact: Christian Rolf GUFAirCore AirCore Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main 2021 - 2023 Contact: Andreas Engel GWLCYCLE Gravity Wave Life Cycle 2013 GW-LCYCLE GWLCYCLE2 Gravity Wave Life Cycle 2 2015, 2016 GW-LCYCLE 2 HIPPO HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations 2009 - 2011 HIPPO LTU Arctic cirrus particle size distributions and their parametrizations depending on the cloud origin 2012 - 2018 LTU MACPEX Mid-latitude Airborne Cirrus Properties Experiment 2011 MACPEX MidCiX Middle Latitude Cirrus Experiment 2004 MidCiX MLCIRRUS Midlatitude Cirrus 2014 ML-CIRRUS NDMAX NASA and DLR maximum research opportunity 2018 ND-MAX NOAAAirCore AirCore NOAA Global Monitoring Division 2012 - 2023 NOAA-AirCore OMO Oxidation Mechanism Observation 2015 OMO PHILEAS Probing High Latitude Export of air from the Asian Summer Monsoon 2023 PHILEAS POSIDON Pacific Oxidants, Sulfur, Ice, Dehydration, and cONvection 2016 POSIDON POLSTRACC Polar Stratosphere in a Changing Climate Polar Stratosphere in a Changing Climate 2015, 2016 POLSTRACC RACEPAC Radiation-Aerosol-Cloud Experiment in the Arctic Circle 2014 RACEPAC SABRE Stratospheric Aerosol processes, Budget and Radiative Effects 2022, 2023 SABRE SCOUT Stratospheric climate links with emphasis on the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere 2005 Contact: Christian Rolf SouthTRAC Southern Hemisphere Transport, Dynamics and Chemistry 2019 SouthTRAC SPartICus Small Particles in Cirrus 2010 SPartICus SPURT Spurenstofftransport in der Tropopausenregion (trace gas transport in the tropopause region) 2001 - 2003 SPURT START08 Stratosphere-Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 START08 StratoClim Stratospheric and upper tropospheric processes for better climate predictions 2016, 2017 StratoClim TACTS Transport and composition in the UT/LMS Seasonal Change 2012 TACTS TC4 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling 2007 TC4 TRoCCiNOx Tropical convection, cirrus and nitrogen oxides experiment 2005 Contact: Christian Rolf VERDI Vertical Distribution of Ice in Arctic Clouds 2012 Contact: Christian Rolf WISE Wave-driven Isentropic Exchange 2017 WISE