CulB, a Putative Ubiquitin Ligase Subunit, Regulates Prestalk Cell Differentiation and Morphogenesis in Dictyostelium spp.

Dictyostelium amoebae accomplish a starvation-induced developmental process by aggregating into a mound and forming a single fruiting body with terminally differentiated spores and stalk cells. culB was identified as the gene disrupted in a developmental mutant with an aberrant prestalk cell differentiation phenotype. The culB gene product appears to be a homolog of the cullin family of proteins that are known to be involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. The culB mutants form supernumerary prestalk tips atop each developing mound that result in the formation of multiple small fruiting bodies. The prestalk-specific gene ecmA is expressed precociously in culB mutants, suggesting that prestalk cell differentiation occurs earlier than normal. In addition, when culB mutant cells are mixed with wild-type cells, they display a cell-autonomous propensity to form stalk cells. Thus, CulB appears to ensure that the proper number of prestalk cells differentiate at the appropriate time in development. Activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by disruption of the regulatory subunit gene (pkaR) or by overexpression of the catalytic subunit gene (pkaC) enhances the prestalk/stalk cell differentiation phenotype of the culB mutant. For example, culB(−) pkaR(−) cells form stalk cells without obvious multicellular morphogenesis and are more sensitive to the prestalk O (pstO) cell inducer DIF-1. The sensitized condition of PKA activation reveals that CulB may govern prestalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium, in part by controlling the sensitivity of cells to DIF-1, possibly by regulating the levels of one or more proteins that are rate limiting for prestalk differentiation.