Comparative analysis of kidney organoid and adult human kidney single cell and single nucleus transcriptomes

We analyzed single cell transcriptomes over 80,000 cells isolated from 65 organoids differentiated from iPSCs and ESCs using two different protocols. We find that both protocols generate kidney organoids that contain a diverse range of kidney cells at differing ratios as well as non-renal cell types. We reconstructed lineage relationships during organoid differentiation through pseudotemporal ordering, and identified transcription factor networks associated with fate decisions. When comparing to adult human kidney, we reveal immaturity of all kidney organoid cell types. These results define impressive kidney organoid cell diversity, identify incomplete differentiation as a major roadblock for current directed differentiation protocols and provide a human adult kidney snRNA-seq dataset against which to benchmark future progress. Dropseq and 10X Chromium were used to profile organoid cells and adult kidney nuclei